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This process is thought to trigger an acute\u2010phase immune response, contributing to alcohol\u2010related immune modulation. However, most evidence on these effects arises from preclinical models. Additionally, existing human studies lack a placebo control, rely on a single alcohol dose, or fail to account for individual drinking history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined in\u00a0vivo concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a marker of microbial translocation), acute\u2010phase proteins, cytokines, and chemokines under low\u2010dose alcohol, moderate\u2010dose alcohol, and placebo using a within\u2010subjects design in light and heavy drinkers. Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200932) were light drinkers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915) and nontreatment\u2010seeking heavy drinkers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917). Groups did not differ on demographics. Participants received each dose condition in randomized order. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at hourly intervals for 4\u2009h. Plasma concentrations of LPS, acute\u2010phase proteins (LPS binding protein [LBP], soluble cluster of differentiation 14 [sCD14], and soluble cluster of differentiation 163 [sCD163]), and cytokines\/chemokines (interleukin 6 [IL\u20106], interleukin 8 [IL\u20108], interleukin 10 [IL\u201010], monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP\u20101], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF\u2010\u03b1]) were quantified using immunoassays. Linear mixed models tested effects of dose condition, drinker group, time, and the three\u2010way interaction. Further analyses tested associations of LPS, LBP, sCD14, and sCD163 with cytokines\/chemokines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The three\u2010way interaction of dose by group by time was significant for IL\u20106 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042), IL\u20108 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039), MCP\u20101 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). LPS was associated with concentrations of interleukins. Levels of sCD163 were 43% higher in heavy drinkers overall. Heavy drinkers exhibited apparent conditioned peripheral immune suppression, wherein the expectation of alcohol elicited selective immunosuppressive responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study offers novel in\u00a0vivo evidence that alcohol\u2010induced changes in immune function are dependent on both acute dose and chronic drinking behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T23:03:44Z","timestamp":1751324624000},"page":"1644-1658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acute changes in immune biomarkers under low\u2010 and moderate\u2010dose alcohol in light and heavy drinkers: A\u00a0randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mollie A.","family":"Monnig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535\u2010008\u20102266\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010020711\u2010075001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"First M.B. 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