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This study aimed to compare the pro\u2010inflammatory and metabolic biomarker profiles in individuals with AUD with individuals without AUD, and to evaluate the effect of exenatide on these biomarkers in individuals with AUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum concentrations of 25 biomarkers (interferon\u2010\u03b3 [IFN\u2010\u03b3], tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 [TNF\u2010\u03b1], interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, IL\u201012p70, IL\u201013, monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 [MCP\u20101], C\u2010peptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide [GIP], glucagon\u2010like peptide [GLP\u20101], glucagon, insulin, leptin, pancreatic polypeptide [PP], adiponectin, high sensitivity C\u2010reactive protein [hsCRP], fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF\u201021], total cholesterol [CHOL], high\u2010density lipoprotein [HDL], low\u2010density lipoprotein [LDL], and triglycerides [TG]) from individuals with AUD were measured at baseline and after 26\u2009weeks of treatment with the GLP\u20101 receptor agonist (GLP\u20101RA) exenatide once\u2010weekly or placebo, using multiplexed immunoassays, enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and line immunoassays. Serum samples from 23 individuals with no record of AUD or treatment with a GLP\u20101RA were measured once for comparison with individuals with AUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IL\u20106 (1.56 vs. 0.62\u2009pg\/mL), hsCRP (3.30 vs. 1.34\u2009mg\/L), and FGF\u201021 (1794.97 vs. 306.11\u2009pg\/mL) were significantly higher, whereas GIP (63.06 vs. 111.07\u2009pg\/mL) was significantly lower in individuals with AUD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009124) than in those without AUD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200923). No significant changes in biomarker levels were observed after treatment with exenatide (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940) compared with treatment with placebo (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200937).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support the well\u2010established link between AUD and inflammation. However, treatment with the GLP\u20101 receptor agonist exenatide did not impact pro\u2010inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T12:13:43Z","timestamp":1752063223000},"page":"1659-1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of the\n                    <scp>GLP<\/scp>\n                    \u20101 receptor agonist exenatide on pro\u2010inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in individuals with alcohol use disorder: Post hoc results from a randomized, double\u2010blinded, placebo\u2010controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Malthe E. 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N.","family":"Christoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Zealand University Hospital  Koege Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Copenhagen Copenhagen University Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette K.","family":"Klausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capitol Region of Denmark  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Brodersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Zealand University Hospital  Koege Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole B.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Zealand University Hospital  Koege Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisse R.","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margit 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