{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:02Z","timestamp":1787013782214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA054271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA054271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM113278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM113278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA007474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA007474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA010761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA010761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA029972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA029972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA030796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA030796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA032197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA032197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant advances in neurotechnology, such as the application of two\u2010photon (2P) imaging of biosensors in\u00a0vivo, have enabled unparalleled longitudinal and high\u2010resolution access to neural circuits that coordinate behavior in rodents. Integration of these techniques would be groundbreaking for the study of alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD is rooted in significant neural adaptations that could be functionally monitored and manipulated at the single\u2010cell level across the development of dependence in rodents. However, 2P imaging and related methodologies often require or are facilitated by head fixation, and a lack of head\u2010fixed models has hindered their integration for the study of alcohol dependence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a head\u2010fixed model in which animals learned to self\u2010administer ethanol across ~14\u2009days. Active lever responding resulted in a tone cue and ethanol reward, whereas responding on the inactive lever resulted in neither cue nor ethanol reward. Following acquisition, animals extinguished lever pressing across a minimum of 10\u2009days. Finally, animals were tested separately for both cue\u2010 and ethanol\u2010induced reinstatement of lever pressing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here we show, for the first time, that in our head\u2010fixed ethanol self\u2010administration model, male and female mice reliably pressed an active, but not inactive, lever for an oral ethanol reward. Ethanol rewards positively correlated with blood ethanol concentrations at pharmacologically relevant levels. Furthermore, mice extinguished ethanol self\u2010administration when the ethanol reward and cue were omitted, suggesting active lever pressing was ethanol\u2010directed. Following extinction, presentation of the ethanol\u2010associated cue or priming with ethanol itself invigorated reinstatement of ethanol seeking, modeling relapse in a manner that replicates decades of work in freely moving rodent studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, our head\u2010fixed ethanol self\u2010administration model will allow for incorporation of novel technologies that require or are greatly facilitated by head fixation, improving our ability to study and understand the neural adaptations and computations that underlie alcohol dependence.<\/jats:p>\n                  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