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While prior studies have shown moderate disruptions in behavioral flexibility weeks after ethanol (EtOH) withdrawal, we tested whether such deficits persist after prolonged abstinence (&gt;6\u2009months) in male rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male rats underwent 4\u2009weeks of EtOH vapor or air exposure starting at postnatal day 75. After approximately 7\u2009months of withdrawal, rats (postnatal day ~300) completed a series of reversal learning tasks featuring distinct reward probabilities with deterministic (100\/0%) and uncertain (90\/10% and 80\/20%) schedules. We assessed win\u2013stay and lose\u2013shift behaviors, as well as response latencies. Reinforcement learning (RL) models were fit hierarchically to identify group differences in value updating during reward\u2010guided decision making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When rats had novel reversal experience under deterministic conditions, ethanol (EtOH)\u2010exposed rats showed increased lose\u2013shift behavior in trials preceding the reversal point. When a moderate outcome uncertainty (90\/10) was introduced, EtOH rats displayed reduced win\u2013stay behavior in trials after reversal when learning new contingencies. With continued training under greater outcome uncertainty (80\/20), these changes were not manifested. Furthermore, RL models revealed that rats employed distinct learning processes depending on the reward schedule. Across all RL models, EtOH\u2010exposed rats exhibited a consistently high decay of unchosen action values, either through faster forgetting or enhanced updating after negative outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that a remote history of adult alcohol exposure can lead to persistent, uncertainty\u2010sensitive disruptions in reward\u2010based decision making, even after exceptionally long withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:21:40Z","timestamp":1755501700000},"page":"2250-2266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Disrupted decision making in adult male rats after prolonged withdrawal from ethanol vapor exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhila","family":"Kalapatapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia H.","family":"Janak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland 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