{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:07:14Z","timestamp":1790813234439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AA025704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AA025704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AA026326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AA026326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The alcohol cue\u2010exposure paradigm has a long and rich history in alcohol use disorder (AUD) research, contributing to the identification of risk factors, the recognition of craving as a core symptom, the understanding of AUD neurobiology, and the development of both pharmacological and behavioral treatments. The goal of this review was to evaluate the utility of the alcohol cue\u2010exposure paradigm as a screening tool for AUD medication development and to provide recommendations for refinement of the paradigm. First, we review evidence supporting the predictive validity and clinical applicability of the alcohol cue\u2010exposure paradigm. Second, we examine current practices in implementing the paradigm in AUD pharmacotherapy studies. Third, we highlight several areas for refinement and offer recommendations for the implementation of this paradigm. Finally, we outline key conclusions and actionable future directions. In summary, while the alcohol cue\u2010exposure paradigm has an established foundation in the study of AUD pharmacotherapies, its future success hinges on a concerted effort to refine and standardize protocols and validate outcome measures in large\u2010scale studies. Addressing these priorities could accelerate the development and regulatory approval of novel treatments for AUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T07:37:48Z","timestamp":1759131468000},"page":"2412-2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The alcohol cue\u2010exposure paradigm as a screening tool for alcohol use disorder medication development: A critical review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan E.","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica N.","family":"Grodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Leggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research National Institutes of Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry A.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay R.","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan H.","family":"Mereish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Robert","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Schacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara A.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01259-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01670-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.2.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.2.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00649-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.182331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"FDA. (2025)DDT COA #000110: WHO risk drinking levels of alcohol consumption. Available at:https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/clinical\u2010outcome\u2010assessment\u2010coa\u2010qualification\u2010program\/ddt\u2010coa\u2010000110\u2010who\u2010risk\u2010drinking\u2010levels\u2010alcohol\u2010consumption"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21121207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01478-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1515-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Progress in brain research","author":"Heilig M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i5.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-023-00535-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.108028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2024.2419540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1343-22.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0005-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318267b586"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0064-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"174","article-title":"Inducing craving for alcohol in the laboratory","volume":"23","author":"Litt M.D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Research & Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(90)90017-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06656-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05192-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction","author":"Mason B.J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1192-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00133.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00147-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.7.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00441-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.96.2.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.11.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06589-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2025.100119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01704.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0202-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118384404.ch14"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","article-title":"Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence","volume":"12","author":"Roesner S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(92)90008-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.3.620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.8.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00464.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3518-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01335-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020070073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI79828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1635138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1189927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","unstructured":"Volkow N.D.(2025)Guest Editorial \u2013 advancing reduction of drug use as an endpoint in addiction treatment trials. Available at:https:\/\/www.asam.org\/news\/detail\/2025\/03\/18\/guest\u2010editorial\u2010\u2010\u2010advancing\u2010reduction\u2010of\u2010drug\u2010use\u2010as\u2010an\u2010endpoint\u2010in\u2010addiction\u2010treatment\u2010trials[Accessed 30th June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-00968-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.031"}],"container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.70170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T03:29:06Z","timestamp":1763782146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.70170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.70170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.70170","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2993-7175","2993-7175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2993-7175","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-7175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}