{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:05:14Z","timestamp":1792757114471,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\u201001138 VR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\u201001138 VR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major global health issue, with current treatments often limited in efficacy and patient acceptance. The gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, particularly GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors (GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R), is crucial in the pathophysiology of AUD. This review aimed to evaluate the potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a tool for identifying neurophysiological biomarkers of GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R engagement in AUD. Two independent systematic literature reviews were conducted using MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and EMBASE databases to evaluate: (1) the neurophysiological effects of GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R pharmacological manipulation, and (2) the neurophysiological alterations linked to alcohol consumption and addiction. Studies included human subjects and assessed cortical excitability using TMS\u2010EMG or TMS\u2010EEG. Data on study design, sample characteristics, TMS protocols, and neurophysiological outcomes were extracted and analyzed. The final analysis included 13 studies evaluating the effects of GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R agonism (mainly baclofen administration) and 16 studies on acute and chronic alcohol consumption. The GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R agonism studies were primarily randomized, placebo\u2010controlled experimental medicine studies in healthy controls. Results showed that GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R agonism enhanced long\u2010interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) and increased post\u2010TMS N100 amplitude, indicating the sensitivity of these parameters to GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R manipulation. The alcohol consumption studies were mostly case\u2013control or within\u2010subject designs, with fewer randomized controlled trials. Acute and chronic alcohol consumption was found to alter LICI, N100 amplitude, and the cortical silent period (CSP). However, no alcohol\u2010induced changes were observed in short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), which depends on GABA\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    R activation. Despite limitations, this review indicates GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R functioning to be measurable and different in AUD compared to healthy controls. Overall, the reviewed literature supports the hypothesis that GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R is involved in the neurotransmission imbalances induced by both acute and chronic alcohol intake, with potential regional differences that warrant further investigation. Standardized protocols and larger studies are needed to validate these findings and their clinical relevance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:44:17Z","timestamp":1760589857000},"page":"2633-2648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potential\n                    <scp>TMS<\/scp>\n                    biomarkers for\n                    <scp>\n                      GABA\n                      <sub>B<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    receptor engagement in alcohol use disorder: A systematic review of existing evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3280-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Montemitro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Terrezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Maruottolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Costumati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Heilig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543780902905855"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(07)61814\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(18)30303\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NPP.2017.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11536200\u2010000000000\u201000000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRS.2013.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010007\u20101125\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000343881.27524.e8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.017673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388\u20102457(99)00314\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLINPH.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.061747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010023\u201001543\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010021\u201001055\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010022\u201001354\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010009\u20101747\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010019\u20100468\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014\u20102999(99)00034\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ADB.12486"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46044-4_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201004764\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201021457\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40263\u2010018\u20100596\u20103\/FIGURES\/4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4ki\u2010Marttunen 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(2019)Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565639. 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