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Alcohol\u2010related cues may impair performance in cognitively demanding tasks, particularly in individuals with alcohol use\u2010related problems, where working memory (WM) may be especially affected. This study investigated whether distracting alcohol\u2010related flankers impact WM performance across varying levels of alcohol use severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 310 participants were classified into risk groups based on Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores: low (\u22647), mid (8\u201314), and high (\u226515). We developed an online N\u2010back flanker task where letters were flanked by alcohol\u2010related or neutral words. Four WM\u2010loads (0\u2010, 1\u2010, 2\u2010, 3\u2010back) were included, with higher loads requiring participants to hold and update more information in WM. Linear mixed effects models assessed the effects of WM\u2010load, flanker type, group, or their interaction on accuracy (% correct) and reaction time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An interaction was found between WM\u2010load and flanker type; reduced accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22122.47;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Holm<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and longer reaction times (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200958.46;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Holm<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were found when participants were presented with alcohol flankers and a higher WM\u2010load relative to neutral flankers and a lower WM\u2010load. Difference scores (3\u2010back minus 1\u2010back) showed that individuals in the mid\u2010risk group had a larger reduction in accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22124.12;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Holm<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021) when presented with alcohol versus neutral flankers, relative to the low\u2010risk group. For reaction time, only an effect of flanker type was found, with shorter reaction times (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u221229.93;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Holm<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012) for alcohol flankers versus neutral flankers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that a distracting alcohol\u2010related context negatively impacts WM performance, particularly under high cognitive demand. This effect is particularly pronounced in mid\u2010risk alcohol users. This suggests that alcohol\u2010related cognitive interference may be more significant during the early stages of problematic alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:25:07Z","timestamp":1768292707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Working memory in context: The role of alcohol distractors in working memory performance in low to heavy alcohol drinkers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6093-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karis","family":"Colyer\u2010Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education &amp; Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"UMC Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emese","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education &amp; Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Romein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education &amp; Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"El Marroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education &amp; Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Cousijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education &amp; 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