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However, despite its importance for long\u2010term neurodevelopmental outcomes, the impact of alcohol use during adolescence on neurometabolites remains understudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted an exploratory study using 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H\u2010MRS) to examine age\u2010 and alcohol\u2010related associations with six neurometabolites in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that are involved in key neural functions: glutamate + glutamine (Glx), GABA plus macromolecules (GABA+), total N\u2010acetylaspartate (tNAA), total choline (tCho), total creatine (tCr), and\n                      <jats:italic>myo<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010inositol (mI). Participants were 84 adolescents (ages 17\u201322; 67% female) with moderate\u2010to\u2010high alcohol use who completed 1H\u2010MRS scans and self\u2010reported their alcohol use. Alcohol use variables included as follows: estimated lifetime drinking episodes and past 60\u2010day total drinking days, total binge drinking days, total number of drinks, and drinks per drinking day.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adolescents had higher levels of GABA+, tNAA, tCho, and mI, and lower levels of Glx and Glx\/GABA+; tCr was not associated with age. More alcohol use\u2014specifically more drinking days, binge drinking days, and number of drinks\u2014was associated with lower tNAA levels. There were no associations with lifetime drinking episodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a sample of moderate\u2010to\u2010heavy drinking adolescents, findings suggest associations between age and neurometabolites in dACC neurometabolites, which potentially reflect ongoing neuronal maturation, myelination, and shifts in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Lower tNAA among recent heavier drinkers may reflect associations between alcohol exposure and neuronal damage. Broader neurometabolic effects may emerge only with heavier or prolonged alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:38:56Z","timestamp":1771223936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age\u2010 and alcohol\u2010related differences in adolescent neurometabolite levels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7767-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria I.","family":"Perica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5308-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna E.","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Mewton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay M.","family":"Squeglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2422\u201018.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471\u20104159.2000.0750453.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2380\u201021.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201080530\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000111347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.15.1683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2008.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4375\u201014.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429\u2010014\u20100844\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1522\u20102594(200002)43:2<319::aid\u2010mrm22>3.0.co;2\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v39.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.7.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006\u20100223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"Hothorn T. 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