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The current study characterizes variation in such factors as a function of ascertainment strategy in a sample of individuals with a lifetime history of severe AUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910,804) were recruited through substance use treatment facilities or through online outreach\/advertisement in the United States and completed a survey that assessed a range of alcohol\u2010related variables, sociodemographics, psychopathology, and personality. Participants were asked to provide a saliva sample for DNA extraction and genotyping. Participants' survey responses and their polygenic risk for multiple alcohol outcomes were compared as a function of ascertainment strategy (\u201cclinic\u201d vs. \u201conline\u201d) using\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      and chi\u2010square tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ascertainment strategy was significantly associated with many phenotypic variables, although effect sizes were generally small. In general, clinic participants reported more adverse outcomes, such as higher AUDIT\u2010C scores, longer duration of alcohol problems, antisocial behavior symptom counts, and four of five impulsivity facets. However, online participants reported more problems with depression. Polygenic risk scores differed by ascertainment strategy only for participants of European descent. Clinic participants' scores were higher for AUD, AUDIT\u2010C, drinks per week, and problematic alcohol use. The groups' scores did not significantly differ for typical maximum drinks in 24\u2009h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with severe AUD exhibit heterogeneity across many risk domains, particularly for alcohol\u2010related measures. This heterogeneity can be captured through the ascertainment of study participants via diverse modalities, improving representativeness and potentially facilitating gene identification efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:14:05Z","timestamp":1773105245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Participant ascertainment is differentially related to phenotypic characteristics and alcohol\u2010related genetic liability in a sample with severe alcohol use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Alexis C.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia 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