{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:31:17Z","timestamp":1792729877170,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AA007477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AA007477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA030575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA030575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AA031052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AA031052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA007288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA007288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DA051561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DA051561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA059598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA059598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No studies have examined the differential and combined effects of prenatal alcohol and cannabis exposure (PAE\/PCE) on longitudinal trajectories of adolescent cognitive development. Further, previous alcohol research is mixed, with some evidence for negative PAE effects on cognition and other studies reporting null or positive associations. This study examined associations between PAE, PCE, and growth trajectories of adolescent cognition in a large, diverse sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911,029 adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development\u2120 Study completed the NIH Toolbox cognitive battery at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20099.95), two\u2010year follow\u2010up (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200911.95), and four\u2010year follow\u2010up (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200914.07). Retrospective parent report of PAE and PCE was assessed at baseline. Univariate growth trajectories were estimated for cognitive measures: Pattern Comparison, Picture Sequence Memory, Oral Reading, Flanker Task, and Picture Vocabulary. Cross\u2010product terms for PAE and PCE tested combined use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most mothers reported no prenatal alcohol (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098257; 74%) or cannabis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910,812; 94%) use. Overall, use was low: across pregnancy, women reporting any alcohol use averaged 33.31 drinks, and those reporting any cannabis use averaged 33.00 use occasions. Before including covariates, there were negative main effects of PCE and positive main effects of PAE on intercepts for all five cognitive domains. There was little evidence for PCE\/PAE effects on slopes for cognition. After adding covariates, no negative effects of PCE remained. Small positive PAE effects on intercepts for multiple domains persisted. Cross\u2010product terms for combined exposure were not significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little evidence emerged for negative effects of low PAE, PCE, or combined exposure on adolescents' cognitive development after accounting for sociodemographic factors. Light drinking in families with social features positively associated with cognitive ability may result in few negative consequences. This study is the first to demonstrate weak evidence for adverse differential and combined low\u2010level PAE and PCE effects on the development of adolescent cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T04:59:59Z","timestamp":1775624399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations of Low\u2010Level Prenatal Alcohol and Cannabis Exposure With Adolescent Cognitive Trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie J.","family":"Paige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan E.","family":"Ramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma K.","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4187-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Kardan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Mewton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay M.","family":"Squeglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Heitzeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Weigard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2006.00055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995\u2010005\u20100052\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v43.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517\u20106161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2020.106930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369\u20101600.2007.00074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010020\u20100663\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devine E. K. R.Green R.Visontay et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cThe Impact of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Sleep Outcomes in 10 336 Young Adolescents: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.\u201dmedRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.14.25327575.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.14.25327575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221386110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103774"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12687"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20101553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1402334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024\u20103205(89)90380\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15283"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819a1cbc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2011.01661.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"Luna B.2017.\u201cNeuroimaging and the Adolescent Brain: A Period of Plasticity for Vulnerabilities and Opportunities.\u201dInPublications Produced by the Office Are Contributions to a Global Debate on Children and May Not Necessarily Reflect UNICEF Policies or Approaches. The Views Expressed Are Those of the Authors (Vol. 29)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm\u20102024\u20100487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819996f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995\u2010007\u20100261\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1029842021000010875"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1741\u201013.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457942400138X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr181"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010023\u201000420\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(17)30021\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(15)01345\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220310017230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxac079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7982"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306\u20104522(03)00020\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S319180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15418"}],"container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.70297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.70297","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.70297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1779084807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.70297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.70297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.70297","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2993-7175","2993-7175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2993-7175","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-7175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70297"}}