{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T07:06:59Z","timestamp":1779088019807,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA027463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA027463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA048241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA048241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, and prior alcohol use may increase susceptibility to PTSD. We recently showed that prior chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal potentiate future stress\u2010enhanced fear learning. However, the neurobiological mechanism underlying this behavior is unknown. Given the role of astrocytes in the neuroimmune system, we investigated the relationship between the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) and dorsal hippocampal astrocytes in this behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the expression of IL\u20101\u03b2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and their relationship through colocalization in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) following chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal and severe stress exposure. Experiments 3 and 4 used an AAV\u2010based clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) approach to knock down\n                      <jats:italic>Il1b<\/jats:italic>\n                      selectively in dorsal hippocampal astrocytes to test the role of astrocyte\u2010derived IL\u20101\u03b2 in ethanol\u2010 and stress\u2010enhanced fear learning.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that severe stress increased IL\u20101\u03b2 expression, whereas ethanol consumption and withdrawal increased GFAP expression and the colocalization of IL\u20101\u03b2 with GFAP. Knockdown of\n                      <jats:italic>Il1b<\/jats:italic>\n                      in dorsal hippocampal astrocytes was achievable and partially reduced enhanced fear learning following the combination of ethanol withdrawal and severe stress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, these results suggest that a complex relationship between IL\u20101\u03b2, astrocyte reactivity, and IL\u20101\u03b2 produced by astrocytes may occur in the DH, where ethanol and stress differentially impact these neuroimmune components that are partially involved in the augmentation of stress\u2010enhanced fear learning following prior ethanol dependence and withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  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Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8908-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd E.","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology &amp; Neuroscience University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald T.","family":"Lysle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology &amp; Neuroscience University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina 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