{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:41:39Z","timestamp":1793032899014,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA027705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA027705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AA007565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AA007565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 AA026117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA026117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising intervention for alcohol use disorder (AUD), yet its efficacy varies widely. Scalp\u2010to\u2010cortex (STC) distance influences the strength of the induced electric field, and preliminary evidence suggests sex\u2010specific craniofacial anatomy may contribute to STC variability. However, the implications of anatomical sex differences for TMS dosing in AUD remain unclear. This study examined whether STC distance and modeled electric field magnitude differ by sex, age, and alcohol use severity across common TMS targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High\u2010resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging was acquired from 107 individuals with AUD (59 females, 48 males). Individualized finite\u2010element head models were generated using SimNIBS to calculate STC distance and electric field strength at four cortical targets: medial prefrontal cortex (Afz), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F3), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Fp1), and motor cortex (C3). Linear mixed\u2010effects models assessed the effects of sex, age, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STC distance differed significantly across sites and was larger in males than in females, with sex differences strongest at Fp1 and C3. No sex differences were observed at Afz or F3. Higher AUDIT scores predicted greater STC distance independent of age. Electric field magnitude varied significantly across sites, with reduced values at midline regions (Afz, Fp1) relative to lateral sites (F3, C3). Electric field magnitude did not differ by sex overall. Age was associated with lower estimated electric field magnitude at the cortical surface. Exploratory sex\u2010stratified analyses indicated a steeper age\u2010related decline in females, particularly at medial prefrontal targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex\u2010specific and age\u2010related anatomical differences influence cortical depth and effective stimulation strength in individuals with AUD. These findings highlight the need for individualized and potentially sex\u2010tailored TMS dosing strategies, particularly for midline prefrontal targets and for older females who may be more vulnerable to reduced TMS engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:19:54Z","timestamp":1782807594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex Differences in Scalp\u2010to\u2010Cortex Distance: Implications for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Efficacy in Alcohol Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin R.","family":"Kinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathanial E.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiyah","family":"Kimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"DeMaioNewton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazmyne S.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Luzum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Atrium Wake Forest Baptist Health  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward H.","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew D.","family":"Kiraly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Atrium Wake Forest Baptist Health  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Wake Forest Center for Addiction Research Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen A.","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"},{"name":"BrainsWay Ltd  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merideth A.","family":"Addicott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.1995.tb01475.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(85)92413\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.1995.tb01554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.778514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2011.01514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2011.01452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamoline G. A. E.Lunardi M.Moreno\u2010Verd\u00fa et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cComparing Electromyography Accelerometry and Visual Inspection to Assess the Resting Motor Threshold for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.\u201dbioRxiv 2025.2006.2004.657787.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.06.04.657787.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.04.657787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2024.110107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.013649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.869070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2018.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063\u2010025\u201009093\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2024.2419540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201038239\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984\u2010020\u201000764\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511698095.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010025\u201002299\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images","author":"Penny W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088909047272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199803000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293\u2010019\u20100245\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.1993.tb02093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691\u2010200208000\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Field Modeling for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Useful Tool to Understand the Physiological Effects of TMS?","volume":"2015","author":"Thielscher A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1185770"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20905"}],"container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.70358","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.70358","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.70358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:17:17Z","timestamp":1793031437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.70358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.70358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.70358","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2993-7175","2993-7175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2993-7175","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-7175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70358"}}