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Three\u2010dimensional (3D) facial images were analyzed using volumetric and measurement\u2010based approaches. Statistical shape modeling was applied to support surface\u2010based analysis, cluster identification, and group discrimination testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(i) Facial growth in the AE\u2010FAS group was significantly reduced. (ii) We observed a subgroup of AE clinically without FAS\u2010associated physical features who displayed an affinity to the AE\u2010FAS group in the unscaled models. (iii) Sex\u2010stratified analyses revealed alcohol\u2010associated alterations in sexual dimorphism of facial morphology, with a substantially stronger association between PAE and reduced facial growth in females than in males. (iv) Unique patterns of facial dysmorphology were exhibited in the AE group, showing underdevelopment of the zygomatic arch. (v) Using closest mean, support vector machine, and linear discriminant analysis, discrimination between AE\u2010FAS and controls was moderate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D facial analysis facilitates recognition of potential sex\u2010related differences in facial morphology associated with PAE in African\u2010American children, a population underrepresented in the clinical literature. The distinct patterns of dysmorphology observed may contribute to improved phenotypic characterization and diagnostic support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:19:30Z","timestamp":1786162770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantitative Three\u2010Dimensional Characterization of Facial Dysmorphism in Self\u2010Identified African\u2010American Individuals With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5172-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women's &amp; Reproductive Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Big Data Institute University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"CAMS Oxford Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6630-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Mozaffarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women's &amp; Reproductive Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Big Data Institute University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7895-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanie","family":"Moghaddasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women's &amp; Reproductive Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Big Data Institute University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire D.","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5008-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; 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