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Its effects on offspring vary depending on the amount and frequency of drinking, and the risk of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) increases with heavy or binge drinking. In contrast, the long\u2010term consequences of moderate PAE remain unclear. Although previous studies indicate that moderate PAE may have a limited impact on neurodevelopment, its ability to induce persistent cerebrovascular dysfunction may promote chronic low\u2010level oxidative stress in the brain. Therefore, it is important to determine whether moderate PAE can trigger long\u2010lasting impairments in brain function that persist into adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study investigated the effect of moderate PAE on the brain's redox environment in adult (4\u20136\u2009months) and middle\u2010aged (12\u201314\u2009months) offspring. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to noninvasively measure thiol levels in the brain. Biochemical assays measured levels of reduced and total glutathione, the primary thiol and major antioxidant in the brain. To determine the functional consequences of altered redox status, the study examined the dimerization status and enzymatic activity of the redox\u2010sensitive and neuron\u2010specific tyrosine phosphatase STEP (STriatal Enriched Phosphatase), a key regulator of synaptic signaling and neuroprotection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings demonstrate that moderate PAE significantly reduces total thiol content and glutathione levels in adult male PAE offspring. This redox imbalance is accompanied by enhanced STEP dimerization and a concomitant reduction in STEP phosphatase activity. Notably, the redox imbalance and STEP dysfunction persisted into aging in male PAE offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that moderate PAE leads to long\u2010lasting alterations in the brain's redox homeostasis and compromises STEP function in male offspring. Such persistent dysfunction of the redox\u2010sensitive neuroprotectant STEP may increase the vulnerability of male PAE offspring to neurological disorders later in life. Future studies would examine sex\u2010 and age\u2010related interactions in PAE offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:30:26Z","timestamp":1791433826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Disrupts Brain Redox Homeostasis and the Activity of Tyrosine Phosphatase\n                    <scp>STEP<\/scp>\n                    in Adult Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anindita","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathyanarayanan","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6659-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Won","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8459-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjana","family":"Poddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center 1 University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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