{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:47:00Z","timestamp":1791557220852,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Several studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is implicated in different neuronal processes involved in major depressive disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and in the mechanisms of action of antidepressants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to investigate whether\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      serum levels before treatment might be associated with the antidepressant response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two groups of patients were enrolled. One was composed of 50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      patients receiving an antidepressant drug treatment. Illness severity was measured before the treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and after 12\u00a0weeks (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). The second group was composed of 67 treatment\u2010resistant depressed (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Illness severity was assessed before the treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and 1\u00a0month after the end of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Blood samples for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      measurements were collected for both groups at the baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant correlation was observed between baseline\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      serum levels and the percentage reduction in depressive symptomatology after\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003). In particular,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      levels at baseline were significantly lower in patients showing no response to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      at follow\u2010up (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.008). No correlation between\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      concentrations and drug treatment outcome was found.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      plays a role in the mechanism of response to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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