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Increasing experimental and epidemiological data have alerted researchers to the influence of prolactin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>) in mammary carcinogenesis. We therefore investigated the possible relationship between antipsychotic\u2010induced hyperprolactinemia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRL<\/jats:styled-content>) and breast cancer risk in female patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search (1950 until January 2015), using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content> database, was conducted for English\u2010language published clinical trials to identify and synthesize data of the current state of knowledge concerning breast cancer risk (factors) in women with schizophrenia and its (their) relationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRL<\/jats:styled-content> and antipsychotic medication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although an increasing body of evidence supports the involvement of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> in breast carcinogenesis, results of human prospective studies are limited, equivocal, and correlative (with risk ratios ranging from 0.70 to 1.9 for premenopausal women and from 0.76 to 2.03 for postmenopausal women). Moreover, these studies equally do not take into account the local production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> in breast epithelium, although amplification or overexpression of the local autocrine\/paracrine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> loop may be a more important mechanism in tumorigenesis. Until now, there is also no conclusive evidence that antipsychotic medication can increase the risk of breast malignancy and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Other breast risk factors than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>, such as nulliparity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (alcohol dependence, smoking, low physical activity), probably are of greater relevance in individual breast cancer cases within the population of female patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T10:06:18Z","timestamp":1435313178000},"page":"5-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Relationship between prolactin, breast cancer risk, and antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: a critical review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"De Hert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre Kortenberg Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Peuskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre Kortenberg Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Sabbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre Kortenberg Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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