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Effect sizes were estimated with random\u2010effects models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Result<\/jats:title>Eighty\u2010two studies comprising 3212 participants with MDD<\/jats:styled-content> and 2798 HC<\/jats:styled-content>s met inclusion criteria. Peripheral levels of interleukin\u20106 (IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106), tumor necrosis factor (TNF<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010alpha, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, the soluble IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 receptor, C\u2010C chemokine ligand 2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201018, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012, the IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 receptor antagonist, and the soluble TNF<\/jats:styled-content> receptor 2 were elevated in patients with MDD<\/jats:styled-content> compared to HC<\/jats:styled-content>s, whereas interferon\u2010gamma levels were lower in MDD<\/jats:styled-content> (Hedge's g<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.477, P<\/jats:italic> = 0.043). Levels of IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, the soluble IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 receptor (sIL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106R), IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105, CCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017, and transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1 were not significantly altered in individuals with MDD<\/jats:styled-content> compared to HC<\/jats:styled-content>s. Heterogeneity was large (I<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>: 51.6\u201397.7%), and sources of heterogeneity were explored (e.g., age, smoking status, and body mass index).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Our results further characterize a cytokine\/chemokine profile associated with MDD<\/jats:styled-content>. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate sources of heterogeneity, as well as biosignature cytokines secreted by other immune cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]],"date-time":"2017-01-25T19:46:50Z","timestamp":1485373610000},"page":"373-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1369,"title":["Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: a meta\u2010analysis of 82 studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"C. A.","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1 Fortaleza CE Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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