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Here, we aim to investigate how the personality trait harm avoidance and the experience of childhood adversities contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 169 patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>, 157 healthy comparison subjects, and 57 unaffected first\u2010degree relatives of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> participated in the study. Harm avoidance was assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory, and the severity of childhood adversities was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> and relatives showed elevated levels of harm avoidance compared to controls. Furthermore, patients exhibited significantly higher scores than relatives. This linear pattern was observed throughout all subscales of harm avoidance, and remained stable after controlling for the severity of depressive and obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms. With regard to childhood adversities, patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> reported higher levels than relatives and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results provide further evidence for a diathesis\u2010stress model of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. While patients and unaffected relatives share elevated levels of harm avoidance, supporting the role of harm avoidance as an endophenotype of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>, a heightened severity of childhood adversity was only observed in patients. The assumed biological underpinnings of these findings are discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]],"date-time":"2017-02-04T01:39:58Z","timestamp":1486172398000},"page":"328-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Harm avoidance and childhood adversities in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and their unaffected first\u2010degree relatives"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Bey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bonn Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lennertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Riesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Klawohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Heinzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gr\u00fctzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kathmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bonn Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. 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