{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:56:11Z","timestamp":1790873771683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001652","name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol dependence is more prevalent in men than in women. The evidence for how prenatal and adult androgens influence alcohol dependence is limited. We investigated the effects of prenatal and adult androgen activity on alcohol dependence. Moreover, we studied how the behaviours of pregnant women affect their children's prenatal androgen load.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We quantified prenatal androgen markers (e.g., second\u2010to\u2010fourth finger length ratio [2D\u00a0:\u00a04D]) and blood androgens in 200 early\u2010abstinent alcohol\u2010dependent in\u2010patients and 240 controls (2013\u20132015, including a 12\u2010month follow\u2010up). We also surveyed 134 women during pregnancy (2005\u20132007) and measured the 2D\u00a0:\u00a04D of their children (2013\u20132016).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prenatal androgen loads were higher in the male alcohol\u2010dependent patients compared to the controls (lower 2D\u00a0:\u00a04D, <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.004) and correlated positively with the patients\u2019 liver transaminase activities (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and alcohol withdrawal severity (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.019). Higher prenatal androgen loads and increasing androgen levels during withdrawal predicted earlier and more frequent 12\u2010month hospital readmission in alcohol\u2010dependent patients (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.005). Moreover, stress levels (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.002), alcohol (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.010) and tobacco consumption (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.017), and lifetime stressors (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.019) of women during pregnancy related positively to their children's prenatal androgen loads (lower 2D\u00a0:\u00a04D).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Androgen activities in alcohol\u2010dependent patients and behaviours of pregnant women represent novel preventive and therapeutic targets of alcohol dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T15:53:16Z","timestamp":1491493996000},"page":"96-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Prenatal and adult androgen activities in alcohol dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Lenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"M\u00fchle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Weinland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bouna\u2010Pyrrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Mikolaiczik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010R.","family":"Muschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Saigali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sibach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Tanovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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