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Here, we investigate the role of micro\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s in depression and electroconvulsive therapy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed three studies: a deep sequencing discovery\u2010phase study of mi\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      changes in whole blood following\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16), followed by a validation study in a separate cohort of patients pre\u2010\/post\u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 37) and matched healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 34). Changes in an experimentally validated gene target (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGFA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were then analysed in patients pre\u2010\/post\u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 97) and in matched healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 53).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the discovery\u2010phase study, we found no statistically significant differences in mi\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      expression from baseline to end of treatment in the group as a whole, but\n                      <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis indicated a difference in patients with psychotic depression (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3). In a follow\u2010up validation study, patients with psychotic depression (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7) had elevated baseline levels of miR\u2010126\u20103p (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3.015,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006) and miR\u2010106a\u20105p (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2.598,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025) compared to healthy controls. Following\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , these differences disappeared. Baseline\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGFA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      levels were significantly higher in depressed patients compared to healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,144) = 27.688,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = &lt;0.001). Following\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , there was a significant change in\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGFA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in the psychotic group only (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2.915,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular differences (mi\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGFA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ) may exist between psychotic and non\u2010psychotic depression treated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,4]],"date-time":"2017-10-04T07:46:37Z","timestamp":1507103197000},"page":"594-606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Peripheral blood micro\n                    <scp>RNA<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <i>\n                      <scp>VEGFA<\/scp>\n                    <\/i>\n                    <scp>mRNA<\/scp>\n                    changes following electroconvulsive therapy: implications for psychotic depression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Kolshus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Trinity College Dublin St Patrick's University Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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