{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:04Z","timestamp":1787013784334,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of pharmacological interventions to diminish cognitive side effects of ECT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Electronic databases of Pubmed, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception through 1 April, 2021, using terms for ECT (e.g.\n                      <jats:italic>electroconvulsive therapy<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), cognitive outcome (e.g.\n                      <jats:italic>cogni*<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and pharmacological intervention (e.g.\n                      <jats:italic>calcium channel blocker<\/jats:italic>\n                      and general terms, like\n                      <jats:italic>protein<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Original studies with humans receiving ECT were included, which applied pharmacological interventions in comparison with placebo or no additive intervention to diminish cognitive side effects. Data quality was assessed using Risk of Bias and GRADE. Random\u2010effects models were used. PROSPERO registration number was CRD42021212773.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative synthesis (systematic review) showed 52 studies reporting sixteen pharmacological intervention\u2010types. Quantitative synthesis (meta\u2010analysis) included 26 studies (1387 patients) describing twelve pharmacological intervention\u2010types. Low\u2010quality evidence of efficacy was established for memantine (large effect size) and liothyronine (medium effect size). Very low\u2010quality evidence shows effect of acetylcholine inhibitors, piracetam and melatonin in some cognitive domains. Evidence of no efficacy was revealed for ketamine (very low\u2010quality), herbal preparations with anti\u2010inflammatory properties (very low to low\u2010quality) and opioid receptor agonists (low\u2010quality).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Memantine and liothyronine are promising for further research and future application. Quality of evidence was low because of differences in ECT techniques, study populations and cognitive measurements. These findings provide a guide for rational choices of potential pharmacological intervention research targets to decrease the burden of cognitive side effects of ECT. Future research should be more uniform in design and attempt to clarify pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive side effects of ECT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T20:00:17Z","timestamp":1643054417000},"page":"343-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Pharmacological interventions to diminish cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5415-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joey P.A.J.","family":"Verdijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike A.","family":"van Kessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brain &amp; Cognition University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Antes PG (Parnassia Group) Mental Health Services Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8194-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthijs","family":"Oud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trimbos Institute Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9663-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles H.","family":"Kellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannette","family":"Hofmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Rijnstate Hospital The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esm\u00e9e","family":"Verwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brain &amp; Cognition University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"ECT Department Haaglanden Parnassia Psychiatric Institute The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen A.","family":"van Waarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000130551.70878.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2017.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7403.1363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12942"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/yct.0000000000000797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010018\u20101813\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.02.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2017.15.3.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).Guidance on the use of electroconvulsive therapy. 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