{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:09:26Z","timestamp":1791691766648,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence, construct validity, risk factors and psychopathological correlates associated with ICD\u201011 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as measured by the International Trauma Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ITQ\u2010CA) were assessed in a sample of young people from Northern Ireland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were trauma\u2010exposed 11\u201319\u2010year\u2010olds (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0507) who participated in the Northern Ireland Youth Wellbeing Prevalence Survey (YWS\u2010NI, 2020). Factor mixture modelling (FMM) was used to test the latent structure of the ITQ\u2010CA. Risk\u2010factors and psychopathological correlates associated with latent class membership, and ICD\u201011diagnostic status, were also investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More participants met the ITQ\u2010CA criteria for CPTSD (3.4%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a044) than PTSD (1.5%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a019). A second\u2010order FMM comprising a \u2018partial\u2010PTSD class\u2019, a \u2018CPTSD class\u2019, a \u2018DSO class\u2019 and a \u2018low symptom endorsement class\u2019 was the best\u2010fitting model. Younger age and cumulative trauma were risk factors for all trauma classes. Female gender and two or more violent traumas were significant predictors of the \u2018PTSD\u2019 and \u2018CPTSD\u2019 classes, while single sexual trauma was a significant predictor of the \u2018DSO\u2019 and \u2018CPTSD\u2019 classes. Two or more sexual traumas was a unique predictor of \u2018CPTSD class\u2019, while two or more vicarious traumas was a unique predictor of \u2018DSO class\u2019. The \u2018CPTSD\u2019 class displayed the most notable comorbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings indicate that CPTSD may be more prevalent than PTSD in children and young people. Support for the ICD\u201011 conceptualisation of CPTSD as representing a unique diagnostic construct was supported using FMM, with findings indicating trauma symptom class\u2010specific risk profiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T17:03:44Z","timestamp":1651597424000},"page":"110-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Prevalence and predictors of <scp>ICD<\/scp>\u201011 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex <scp>PTSD<\/scp> in young people"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8863-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enya","family":"Redican","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Hyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Maynooth University  Maynooth Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8029-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marylene","family":"Cloitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD Verterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orla","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3002-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanos","family":"Karatzias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Care Edinburgh Napier University  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1821-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bunting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen's University  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Shevlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics 11th edn.2018. Accessed October 20 2021.:https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Cloitre M. Bisson J. I. Brewin C. R. et al.International Trauma Questionnaire \u2010 Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ\u2010CA) [Measurement Instrument] (2018b)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1818974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.824786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1418103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010013\u20100757\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.7.488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21766"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104512462548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Towards A Better Future: the Trans\u2010Generational Impact of the Troubles on Mental Health","author":"O'Neill S","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1890937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010020\u201001912\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010015\u20100639\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"The Mental Health of Children and Parents in Northern Ireland","author":"Bunting L","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221075525."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.traumameasuresglobal.com\/itqca. Accessed January 17 20222022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107967(99)00130\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg DP","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749\u20103797(98)00017\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.107.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"LISREL V Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by Maximum Likelihood and Least Squares Methods","author":"J\u00f6reskog KG","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02294360"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1694-0_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216970212006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701793320"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1401_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199934898.013.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025419881721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010114\u20106\u2010515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","volume-title":"1998\u20102017 Mplus User's Guide","author":"Muthen LK","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1302_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1717826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1818965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1032-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614545480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939\u20100025.2012.01154.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012447698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.132.6.959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","unstructured":"TolinDF FoaEB.Gender and PTSD: A cognitive model.2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000722"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1573129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010017\u20101350\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1888525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1710400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2017.1280577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2017.1300204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1739873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/yco.0b013e3283503669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hrp.0000000000000014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198112445481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516674944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2019.1675113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2018.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514555371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts N. P. Cloitre M. Bisson J. &Brewin C. R.(2018).International trauma interview (ITI) for ICD11 PTSD and complex PTSD (test version 3.1)","DOI":"10.1037\/t73478-000"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acps.13442","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acps.13442","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acps.13442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:55:09Z","timestamp":1692852909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acps.13442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acps.13442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13442","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-690X","1600-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-690X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}