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We investigated the comparative effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified patients with BPD with treatment contact during 2006\u20132018 using Swedish nationwide register databases. By leveraging within\u2010individual design, in which each individual was used as their own control to eliminate selection bias, we assessed the comparative effectiveness of pharmacotherapies. For each medication, we calculated the hazard ratios (HRs) for the following outcomes: (1) psychiatric hospitalization and (2) hospitalization owing to any cause or death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 17,532 patients with BPD (2649 men; mean [\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ] age\u2009=\u200929.8 [9.9]). Treatment with benzodiazepines (HR\u2009=\u20091.38, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.32\u20131.43), antipsychotics (HR\u2009=\u20091.19, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.14\u2013124), and antidepressants (HR\u2009=\u20091.18, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.13\u20131.23) associated with increased risk of psychiatric rehospitalization. Similarly, treatment with benzodiazepines (HR\u2009=\u20091.37, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.33\u20131.42), antipsychotics (HR\u2009=\u20091.21, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.17\u20131.26), and antidepressants (HR\u2009=\u20091.17, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.14\u20131.21) was associated with a higher risk of all\u2010cause hospitalization or death. Treatment with mood stabilizers did not have statistically significant associations with the outcomes. Treatment with ADHD medication was associated with decreased risk of psychiatric hospitalization (HR\u2009=\u20090.88, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.83\u20130.94) and decreased risk of all\u2010cause hospitalization or death (HR\u2009=\u20090.86, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.82\u20130.91). Of the specific pharmacotherapies, clozapine (HR\u2009=\u20090.54, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.32\u20130.91), lisdexamphetamine (HR\u2009=\u20090.79, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.69\u20130.91), bupropion (HR\u2009=\u20090.84, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.74\u20130.96), and methylphenidate (HR\u2009=\u20090.90, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.84\u20130.96) associated with decreased risk of psychiatric rehospitalization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADHD medications were associated with a reduced risk of psychiatric rehospitalization or hospitalization owing to any cause or death among individuals with BPD. No such associations were found for benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, or mood stabilizers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T20:29:31Z","timestamp":1682368171000},"page":"603-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association of pharmacological treatments and real\u2010world outcomes in borderline personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Lieslehto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Tiihonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research Stockholm City Council Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"L\u00e4hteenvuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellenor","family":"Mittendorfer\u2010Rutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Tanskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research Stockholm City Council Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Taipale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research Stockholm City Council Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010019\u20102377\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920\u2010020\u201001164\u20101"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. 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