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A key mechanism in this relationship seems to be emotion regulation. We aimed to investigate (1) whether childhood trauma is associated with anger in adulthood, and, if so, (2) to explore which types of childhood trauma predominate in the prediction of anger in a cohort that included participants with and without current affective disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), childhood trauma was assessed with a semi\u2010structured Childhood Trauma Interview (CTI) at baseline, and analyzed in relation to anger as measured at a 4\u2010year follow\u2010up with the Spielberger Trait Anger Subscale (STAS), the Anger Attacks Questionnaire, and cluster B personality traits (i.e., borderline, antisocial) of the Personality Disorder Questionnaire 4 (PDQ\u20104), using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Post hoc analyses comprised cross\u2010sectional regression analyses, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire\u2010Short Form (CTQ\u2010SF) also obtained at a 4\u2010year follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092271) were on average 42.1\u2009years (\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913.1), and 66.2% were female. Childhood trauma showed a dose\u2013response association with all anger constructs. All types of childhood trauma were significantly associated with borderline personality traits, independently of depression and anxiety. Additionally, all types of childhood trauma except for sexual abuse were associated with higher levels of trait anger, and a higher prevalence of anger attacks and antisocial personality traits in adulthood. Cross\u2010sectionally, the effect sizes were larger compared with the analyses with the childhood trauma measured 4\u2009years prior to the anger measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood trauma is linked with anger in adulthood, which could be of particular interest in the context of psychopathology. Focus on childhood traumatic experiences and adulthood anger may help to enhance the effectiveness of treatment for patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Trauma\u2010focused interventions should be implemented when appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:48:50Z","timestamp":1689036530000},"page":"288-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Childhood trauma and anger in adults with and without depressive and anxiety disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. J.","family":"de Bles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. E. H.","family":"P\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0721-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Rius Ottenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3421-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. M.","family":"van Hemert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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