{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:43:55Z","timestamp":1791528235030,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004682","name":"Oracle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004682","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013020","name":"Compute Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013020","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023320","name":"College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mendelian randomization studies report a bi\u2010directional relation between cigarette smoking and mental disorders, yet from a clinical standpoint, mental disorders are the focus of treatment. Here, we used an event history framework to understand their evolution in the life course. Our objective was to estimate the relative contribution of genetic predispositions and self\u2010reported smoking status (never, former, and present smoker) to hospitalizations for major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We calculated polygenic risk scores (PRS) for ever smoking, pack\u2010years of smoking as a proportion of adult life, and neuroticism in 337,140 UK Biobank participants of white British ancestry. These PRS and self\u2010reported smoking status were entered as explanatory variables in survival models for hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The estimated single nucleotide polymorphisms heritabilities (\n                      <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were 23%, 5.7%, and 5.7% for pack\u2010years, ever smoking, and neuroticism respectively. PRS pack\u2010years and PRS neuroticism were associated with higher hospitalization risk for mental disorders in all smoking status groups. The hazard for mental health hospitalization was higher in both previous (HR: 1.50, CI: 1.35\u20131.67) and current (HR: 3.58, 2.97\u20134.31) compared to never smokers, after adjusting for confounders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since genetic liabilities for smoking and neuroticism are fixed at conception and smoking initiation generally started before age 20, our results show that preventing smoking in adolescents probably prevents the development of mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T05:25:11Z","timestamp":1692681911000},"page":"447-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Using polygenic risk scores to investigate the evolution of smoking and mental health outcomes in\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>\n                    biobank participants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lloyd","family":"Balbuena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evyn","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Speed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.067512"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01408-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"WaltersR PalmerD.Heritability of >4000 traits & disorders in UK Biobank 2022\u20132023.https:\/\/nealelab.github.io\/UKBB_ldsc\/index.html"},{"issue":"6395","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","article-title":"Analysis of shared 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