{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:46:19Z","timestamp":1789677979604,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blinding is thought to minimise expectancy effects and biases in double\u2010blind randomised\u2010controlled trials (RCTs). However, whether blinding integrity should be assessed and reported remains debated. Furthermore, it is unknown whether blinding failure influences the outcome of RCTs in anxiety disorders. We carried out a systematic review to understand whether blinding integrity is assessed and reported in anxiolytic RCTs. A secondary aim was to explore whether blinding integrity is associated with treatment efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our protocol was pre\u2010registered (PROSPERO CRD42022328750). We searched electronic databases for placebo\u2010controlled, randomised trials of medication in adults with generalised and social anxiety disorders, and in panic disorder, from 1980. We extracted data regarding blinding integrity and treatment efficacy. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Where possible, we subsequently calculated Bang's Blinding Index, and assessed the association between blinding integrity and treatment effect size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 247 RCTs that met inclusion criteria, we were able to obtain assessments of blinding integrity from nine (3.64%). Overall, blinding failed in five of these trials (55.56%), but blinding was intact in 80% of placebo arms. We found a significant association between reduced blinding integrity among assessors and increased treatment effect size (betas &lt; \u22121.30,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      's\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but this analysis involved only four studies of which two were outlying studies. In patients, we saw a non\u2010significant trend where reduced blinding integrity in the placebo groups was associated with\n                      <jats:italic>increased<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment efficacy, which was not present in active medication arms. [Correction added on 19 August 2024, after first online publication: Results of the RCTs and its assessment of blinding integrity have been updated.]\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with work in other psychiatric disorders, blinding integrity is rarely reported in anxiolytic RCTs. Where it is reported, blinding appears to often fail. We found signals that suggest unblinding of clinician assessors (driven by two studies with complete unblinding), and of patients in placebo arms, might be associated with larger treatment effect sizes. We recommend that data regarding blinding integrity, along with the reasons patients and assessors offer for their beliefs regarding group allocation, are systematically collected in RCTs of anxiolytic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T06:53:56Z","timestamp":1723272836000},"page":"187-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The relationship between blinding integrity and medication efficacy in randomised\u2010controlled trials in patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Ruqayyah","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Adult Psychiatry Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust  Southampton UK"},{"name":"University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5981-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan T. M.","family":"Huneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"General Adult Psychiatry Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust  Southampton UK"},{"name":"University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0946-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444342673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07816-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39465.451748.AD"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.72352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60413-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.37952.631667.EE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.120744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7448.1136-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01682-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2003.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00147-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830200078011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"Clomipramine in the treatment of agoraphobic inpatients resistant to behavioral therapy","volume":"54","author":"Hoffart A","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0904"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(92)90032-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221131706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2024.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","article-title":"Mechanisms of perceived treatment assignment and subsequent expectancy effects in a double blind placebo controlled RCT of major depression","volume":"9","author":"Laferton JA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00140-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","first-page":"16802","article-title":"Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: meta\u2010epidemiological study","volume":"368","author":"Moustgaard H","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34938-7"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acps.13741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T20:15:33Z","timestamp":1725221733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acps.13741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acps.13741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13741","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ACPS.13741\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0001-690X","1600-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-690X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}