{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:44:43Z","timestamp":1791557083047,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010135","name":"Finska L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskapet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite well\u2010known diagnostic and neurobiological overlaps between psychopathic traits and schizophrenia, it has remained unclear whether psychopathic traits increase the risk for later schizophrenia. Former studies have proven only a weak correlation between psychopathy and DSM axis I diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We combined data from individuals who underwent forensic psychiatric evaluations (FPEs) at Niuvanniemi Hospital between 1984 and 1993 with the records from the Care Register for Health Care to examine the relationship between psychopathic traits, measured by the Psychopathy Checklist\u2010Revised (PCL\u2010R), and the development of schizophrenia following the evaluation. We conducted survival analyses using Kaplan\u2013Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models, with a follow\u2010up period of up to 40\u2009years. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Registry. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, sex, criminal responsibility, and substance abuse disorder at the time of the FPE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 341 individuals (278 males [81.51%] and 63 females [18.49%], mean [SD] age 33.52 [11.49]) who were adults, criminally responsible, and did not have a psychotic illness, severe mental disability, or brain damage at FPE. Compared to individuals with total PCL\u2010R scores less than or equal to 10, those with scores of 11\u201324 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]\u2009=\u20095.30, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.21\u201323.25) and 25 or higher (aHR\u2009=\u20099.33, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.04\u201342.76) had a significantly higher risk of later hospitalization due to schizophrenia. Also, individuals classified as psychopathic (PCL\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u200925) had a significantly higher risk of developing schizophrenia compared with those classified as non\u2010psychopathic (PCL\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u200925): aHR\u2009=\u20092.37, 95% CI\u2009=1.17\u20134.80. A total of 20% of psychopaths developed schizophrenia over the follow\u2010up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The novel results suggest that there is a link between higher PCL\u2010R scores and a higher risk of later\u2010life schizophrenia outbreak among non\u2010psychotic individuals undergoing FPE. Multiple factors can explain the finding, including substance use and mutual risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.70027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:56:59Z","timestamp":1756187819000},"page":"432-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psychopathic Traits Associate With Later Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7660-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"Vaurio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0400-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jari","family":"Tiihonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research Stockholm City Council  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"L\u00e4hteenvuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Lieslehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9101-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02138-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3965-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.709"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1991.11024540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"566","article-title":"The Relationship of Antisocial Personality Disorder and History of Conduct Disorder With Crime Incidence in Schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Maghsoodloo S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.94.4.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2013.857739"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2004.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study","author":"Robins L. 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