{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:26:16Z","timestamp":1781594776191,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder resulting from exposure to traumatic events. Evidence suggests that ketamine may be efficacious in treating PTSD, however, ketamine's mechanisms in treating PTSD remain unclear. Herein, this review aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ketamine treatment in persons with PTSD and investigate the possible neurobiological mechanisms underlying ketamine's therapeutic effect in PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted on PubMed and OVID (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO) from inception until September 2025. Randomized controlled trials reporting on the effects of intravenous ketamine to treat PTSD were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven studies with a total of 323 participants were included in this review. Ketamine administration meaningfully improved PTSD symptoms in two trials as evidenced by significant improvement on the Clinician\u2010Administered PTSD Scale for DSM\u20105 (CAPS\u20105) and the Impact of Event Scale\u2010Revised (IES\u2010R) compared to control\/placebo. Multi\u2010infusion administration schedules achieved greater clinical outcomes when compared to single\u2010dose administration schedules. Preliminary evidence suggests that repeated lower doses (0.2mg\/kg) of ketamine were more efficacious in sustaining treatment effects than standard doses (0.5mg\/kg). For persons receiving ketamine, an association was observed between top\u2010down inhibition of the amygdala originating in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and symptom improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that intravenous ketamine may be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. Subsequent studies should attempt to evaluate the additive effect of combining ketamine with psychotherapeutic interventions as well as determining mechanistic pathways mediating symptom relief in persons with PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.70053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T04:31:43Z","timestamp":1764649903000},"page":"95-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Intravenous Ketamine on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (\n                    <scp>PTSD<\/scp>\n                    ): A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Liyang","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gia Han","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Dri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla M.","family":"Teopiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Life Science (LIFS), Faculty of Science Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeho Greg","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of Connecticut School of Medicine  Farmington Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi Ka Ying","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2010Christina","family":"Sioufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Physiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang Jing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8786-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hezekiah C. T.","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Joint Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery University Health Network and University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernan F.","family":"Guillen\u2010Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  Bogota Colombia"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research Universidad Simon Bolivar  Barranquilla Colombia"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research  Bogota Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University  Chongqing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger S.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.08.001"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"546","article-title":"A Review of PTSD and Current Treatment Strategies","volume":"118","author":"Schrader C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcp.2016.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1978417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2024.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.43.2.e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01588-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"\u201cPTSD: National Center for PTSD \u201daccessed August 11 2025 https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/txessentials\/overview_therapy.asp."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evaluation and Treatment","volume":"107","author":"Sartor Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","article-title":"Post\u2010Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review of Pharmacological and Psychotherapeutic Interventions","volume":"15","author":"Mansour M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2019.11.373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002795.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads4470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20121677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Rosenbaum S. B.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20081251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06756-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.813103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701749114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.064"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effectiveness of Ketamine for the Treatment of Post\u2010Traumatic Stress Disorder \u2010 A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Almeida T. M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852925100278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01114-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06105-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01629-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/jflory"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070510008434"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"\u201cCovidence\u2014Better Systematic Review Management \u201dCovidence (2020) https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01266-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06479-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01606-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01104-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2018.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"\u201cRoB 2: A Revised Cochrane Risk\u2010of\u2010Bias Tool for Randomized Trials \u201daccessed August 15 2025 https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/bias\/resources\/rob\u20102\u2010revised\u2010cochrane\u2010risk\u2010bias\u2010tool\u2010randomized\u2010trials."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1546460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0136-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.549903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02451-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15121-2"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acps.70053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T01:20:50Z","timestamp":1768180850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acps.70053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acps.70053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.70053","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-690X","1600-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-690X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}