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We examined the neural substrates underlying these processes in treatment\u2010seeking smokers, and explored the moderating influence of age on abstinence\u2010induced alterations in brain activity and performance. Sixty\u2010three smokers participated in two blood oxygen level\u2010dependent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content>) functional magnetic resonance imaging scans while performing a visual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010back task on two separate occasions: smoking as usual and after 24 hours of biochemically confirmed abstinence (order counterbalanced). Abstinence (versus smoking) led to reduced accuracy, slower median correct response time and reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content> signal change in the three a priori regions of interest: medial frontal\/cingulate gyrus and right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Significant age\u2009\u00d7\u2009session effects were found for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content> signal change in all three regions, as well as for withdrawal and craving; for all measures, abstinence effects were attenuated in smokers aged \u226550 years compared with those &lt;50 years old. These results suggest that abstinence effects on neurocognitive function may be more pronounced for younger smokers, and may indicate a new avenue for research exploring mechanisms underlying age differences in smoking cessation success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T10:30:09Z","timestamp":1363602609000},"page":"907-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Age\u2010related differences in working memory deficits during nicotine withdrawal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mary","family":"Falcone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. 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