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Evidence from twin studies suggests that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> is moderately heritable. Genetic association studies to date have reported a limited number of replicated findings. We conducted a candidate gene association study in trauma\u2010exposed individuals within the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>omorbidity and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rauma Study's sample (1343 heroin\u2010dependent cases and 406 controls from economically disadvantaged neighborhoods). After data cleaning, the 1430 single nucleotide polymorphisms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s) retained for analyses provided coverage of 72 candidate genes and included additional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s for which association was previously reported as well as 30 ancestry\u2010informative markers. We found a functional <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD2<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> promoter polymorphism (rs12364283) to be most highly associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> liability [odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.65 (1.27\u20132.15); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.58\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>]; however, this association was not significant, with a stringent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>onferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The top hits include <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s from other dopaminergic system genes: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD2 DRD3<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBH<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>. Additional analyses revealed that the association involving rs12364283 is largely limited to amphetamine\u2010dependent individuals. Substantial risk is observed in amphetamine\u2010dependent individuals, with at least one copy of this <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content> [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.86 (1.92\u20134.27); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.6\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>]. Further analyses do not support extensive mediation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> risk via self\u2010reported impulsivity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BIS<\/jats:styled-content> total score). These findings suggest roles for impairment in inhibitory control in the pathophysiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> and raise questions about stimulant use in certain populations (e.g. those in combat).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,7]],"date-time":"2013-05-07T05:12:13Z","timestamp":1367903533000},"page":"700-707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<scp>PTSD<\/scp> risk associated with a functional <i><scp>DRD2<\/scp><\/i> polymorphism in heroin\u2010dependent cases and controls is limited to amphetamine\u2010dependent individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Elliot C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lynskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry King's College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpana","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali K.","family":"Henders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Bowdler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre A.","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela A. F.","family":"Madden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New South Wales Health Justice Health &amp; Forensic Mental Health Network  Pagewood Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Health Policy Programs and Economics School of Population Health University of Melbourne  Carlton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant W.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bth457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"The neural networks of inhibitory control in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"33","author":"Falconer E","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"FriedmanRA(April 22 2012)Why are we drugging our soldiers?The New York Times: New York. 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