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Although social functioning plays a crucial role in the development and treatment of drug dependence, studies investigating social cognition in cocaine users are lacking. Therefore, we investigated mental perspective taking (\u2018theory of mind\u2019) and emotional and cognitive empathy in recreational (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCU<\/jats:styled-content>) and dependent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCU<\/jats:styled-content>) cocaine users. Furthermore, we related these measures to real\u2010life indicators of social functioning. One\u2010hundred cocaine users (69 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCU<\/jats:styled-content>, 31 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCU<\/jats:styled-content>) and 68 stimulant\u2010na\u00efve healthy controls were tested with the Multifaceted Empathy Test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MET<\/jats:styled-content>), Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MASC<\/jats:styled-content>) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMET<\/jats:styled-content>). The Social Network Questionnaire was conducted to assess social network size. Furthermore, participants provided information on committed criminal offenses. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCU<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCU<\/jats:styled-content> showed less emotional empathy compared to controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MET<\/jats:styled-content>), whereas cognitive empathy was not impaired (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MET<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMET<\/jats:styled-content>). Additionally, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCU<\/jats:styled-content> made more errors in mental perspective taking (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MASC<\/jats:styled-content>). Notably, cocaine users committed more criminal offenses and displayed a smaller social network and higher cocaine use was correlated with less social contacts. Diminished mental perspective taking was tentatively correlated with more intense cocaine use as well. Finally, younger age of onset of cocaine use was associated with more pronounced empathy impairment. In conclusion, social cognition impairments in cocaine users were related to real\u2010life social functioning and should therefore be considered in therapy and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T02:29:17Z","timestamp":1372213757000},"page":"452-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Impaired emotional empathy and related social network deficits in cocaine users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Katrin H.","family":"Preller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea M.","family":"Hulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Vonmoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus R.","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Forensic Hairanalytics Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Seifritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Dziobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster Languages of Emotion Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris B.","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry  Switzerland"},{"name":"Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology University of Zurich  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM\u2010IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150536"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.4.456","article-title":"Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers","volume":"16","author":"Bolla K","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0107-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0486-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"EMCDDA(2012)Annual report 2012: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. 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