{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:20:46Z","timestamp":1777389646662,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]],"date-time":"2014-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2006 (RD06\/0001)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2006 (RD06\/0001)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Red de Trastornos Adictivos UE-FEDER","award":["2012 (RD12\/0028)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012 (RD12\/0028)"]}]},{"name":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","award":["049\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049\/2009"]}]},{"name":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","award":["049\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Innovaci\u00f3n y Ciencia, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda UE-FEDER","award":["CTS-433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTS-433"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Bienestar Social, Junta Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PI0228-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI0228-2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The treatment for cocaine use constitutes a clinical challenge because of the lack of appropriate therapies and the high rate of relapse. Recent evidence indicates that the immune system might be involved in the pathogenesis of cocaine addiction and its co\u2010morbid psychiatric disorders. This work examined the plasma pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile in abstinent cocaine users (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200982) who sought outpatient cocaine treatment and age\/sex\/body mass\u2010matched controls (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200965). Participants were assessed with the diagnostic interview P<\/jats:styled-content>sychiatric R<\/jats:styled-content>esearch I<\/jats:styled-content>nterview for S<\/jats:styled-content>ubstance and M<\/jats:styled-content>ental D<\/jats:styled-content>iseases according to the D<\/jats:styled-content>iagnostic and S<\/jats:styled-content>tatistical M<\/jats:styled-content>anual of M<\/jats:styled-content>ental D<\/jats:styled-content>isorders, F<\/jats:styled-content>ourth E<\/jats:styled-content>dition, T<\/jats:styled-content>ext R<\/jats:styled-content>evision (DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TR<\/jats:styled-content>). Tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha, chemokine (C<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C<\/jats:styled-content> motif) ligand 2\/monocyte chemotactic protein\u20101 and chemokine (C\u2010X\u2010C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>12)\/stromal cell\u2010derived factor\u20101 (SDF<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) were decreased in cocaine users, although all cytokines were identified as predictors of a lifetime pathological use of cocaine. Interleukin\u20101 beta (IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2), chemokine (C\u2010X3<\/jats:sub>\u2010C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL<\/jats:styled-content>1)\/fractalkine and CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>12\/SDF<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 positively correlated with the cocaine symptom severity when using the DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TR<\/jats:styled-content> criteria for cocaine abuse\/dependence. These cytokines allowed the categorization of the outpatients into subgroups according to severity, identifying a subgroup of severe cocaine users (9\u201311 criteria) with increased prevalence of co\u2010morbid psychiatric disorders [mood (54%), anxiety (32%), psychotic (30%) and personality (60%) disorders]. IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 was observed to be increased in users with such psychiatric disorders relative to those users with no diagnosis. In addition to these clinical data, studies in mice demonstrated that plasma IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, CX3CL<\/jats:styled-content>1 and CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>12 were also affected after acute and chronic cocaine administration, providing a preclinical model for further research. In conclusion, cocaine exposure modifies the circulating levels of pro\u2010inflammatory mediators. Plasma cytokine\/chemokine monitoring could improve the stratification of cocaine consumers seeking treatment and thus facilitate the application of appropriate interventions, including management of heightened risk of psychiatric co\u2010morbidity. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of the immune system in the etiology of cocaine addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T01:59:23Z","timestamp":1400810363000},"page":"756-772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Plasma profile of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in cocaine users under outpatient treatment: influence of cocaine symptom severity and psychiatric co\u2010morbidity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Araos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pedraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Marchena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Campos\u2010Cloute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Comarcal de Drogodependencias Mijas Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tratamiento Ambulatorio M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Baixeras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Program Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions M\u00e8diques (IMIM) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS\u2010UPF) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Pathology Pr\u00edncipe Felipe Research Centre Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Guerri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Pathology Pr\u00edncipe Felipe Research Centre Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Psicobiolog\u00eda de las Drogodependencias Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda Universitat de Valencia Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mi\u00f1arro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Psicobiolog\u00eda de las Drogodependencias Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda Universitat de Valencia Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roser","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Riera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Program Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions M\u00e8diques (IMIM) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD) del Parc de Salut MAR Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Torrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Program Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions M\u00e8diques (IMIM) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD) del Parc de Salut MAR Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Chowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Argente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00229-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0410-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3611-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02918610"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5347-2_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020804"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.689"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.9.1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.08.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02076.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0072106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511794604543"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-011-9287-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"19714","article-title":"The EMCDDA annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Robertson K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00081-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of psychotic symptoms in cocaine\u2010dependent patients","volume":"40","author":"Roncero C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1515-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398314-5.00001-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-011-9508-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00698-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.025"}],"container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadb.12156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/adb.12156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T17:32:54Z","timestamp":1696354374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/adb.12156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/adb.12156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12156","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6215","1369-1600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6215","type":"print"},{"value":"1369-1600","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}