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Oral formulations of oxymorphone were reintroduced in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nited\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    tates in 2006 and reports of abuse ensued; however, there are limited data available on its pharmacodynamic effects. The current study aimed to examine the direct physiologic effects, relative abuse liability, analgesic profile and overall pharmacodynamic potency of oxymorphone in comparison with identical doses of oxycodone. Healthy, non\u2010dependent opioid abusers (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) were enrolled in this within\u2010subject, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled, 3\u2010week inpatient study. Seven experimental sessions (6.5 hours) were conducted, during which an oral dose of immediate\u2010release formulations of oxymorphone (10, 20 and 40\u2009mg), oxycodone (10, 20 and 40\u2009mg) or placebo was administered. An array of physiologic, abuse liability and experimental pain measures was collected. At identical doses, oxymorphone produced approximately twofold less potent effects on miosis, compared with oxycodone. Oxymorphone also produced lesser magnitude effects on measures of respiratory depression, two experimental pain models and observer\u2010rated agonist effects. However, 40\u2009mg of oxymorphone was similar to 40\u2009mg of oxycodone on several abuse\u2010related subjective ratings. Formal relative potency analyses were largely invalid because of the substantially greater effects of oxycodone. Overall, oxymorphone is less potent on most pharmacodynamic measures, although at higher doses, its abuse liability is similar to oxycodone. These data suggest that the published clinical equianalgesic estimates may not be consistent with the observed direct physiologic effects of opioids, results of experimental pain models or abuse liability measures, as assessed in the human laboratory.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]],"date-time":"2014-07-31T04:10:07Z","timestamp":1406779807000},"page":"146-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pharmacodynamic effects of oral oxymorphone: abuse liability, analgesic profile and direct physiologic effects in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shanna","family":"Babalonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"},{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Lofwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"},{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research University of Kentucky Lexington USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"},{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research University of Kentucky Lexington USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine Department of Pharmacology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00126839-200506020-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2010.00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181af6356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1977.tb04607.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009127007701700402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90126-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pre\u2010anaesthetic medication: morphine, anileridine, oxymorphone and placebo","volume":"3","author":"Ciliberti BJ","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bull Narc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00205-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195610112551504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)12962-5","article-title":"The analgesic equivalence to morphine and relative side action liability of oxymorphone (4\u2010hydroxydihydromorphinone)","volume":"125","author":"Eddy NB","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Endo Pharmaceuticals(2010)Prescribing Information and Package Insert Opana (Oxymorphone Hydrochloride) Tablets. 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