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In extreme cases, this can extend to craniofacial defects, severe developmental delay and mental retardation. At more moderate levels, subtle differences in brain morphology and behaviour have been observed. One clear effect of developmental alcohol exposure is an increase in the propensity to develop alcoholism and other addictions. The mechanisms by which this occurs, however, are not currently understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that adult zebrafish chronically exposed to moderate levels of ethanol during early brain ontogenesis would show an increase in conditioned place preference for alcohol and an increased propensity towards habit formation, a key component of drug addiction in humans. We found support for both of these hypotheses and found that the exposed fish had changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression patterns for dopamine receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and \u03bc\u2010opioid receptor encoding genes. Collectively, these data show an explicit link between the increased proclivity for addiction and addiction\u2010related behaviour following exposure to ethanol during early brain development and alterations in the neural circuits underlying habit learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]],"date-time":"2014-08-20T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1408499950000},"page":"49-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Moderate alcohol exposure during early brain development increases stimulus\u2010response habits in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Matthew O.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  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