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Previously, combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) and a drug cue\u2010reactivity task, we demonstrated abnormal patterns of subjective response and brain reactivity in heroin\u2010dependent individuals. However, whether the changes in cue\u2010induced brain response were related to relapse was unknown. In a prospective study, we recruited 49 heroin\u2010dependent patients under methadone maintenance treatment, a gold standard treatment (average daily dose 41.8\u2009\u00b1\u200916.0\u2009mg), and 20 healthy subjects to perform the heroin cue\u2010reactivity task during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>. The patients' subjective craving was evaluated. They participated in a follow\u2010up assessment for 3 months, during which heroin use was assessed and relapse was confirmed by self\u2010reported relapse or urine toxicology. Differences between relapsers and non\u2010relapsers were analyzed with respect to the results from heroin\u2010cue responses. Compared with healthy subjects, relapsers and non\u2010relapsers commonly demonstrated significantly increased brain responses during the processing of heroin cues in the mesolimbic system, prefrontal regions and visuospatial\u2010attention regions. However, compared with non\u2010relapsers, relapsers demonstrated significantly greater cue\u2010induced craving and the brain response mainly in the bilateral nucleus accumbens\/subcallosal cortex and cerebellum. Although the cue\u2010induced heroin craving was low in absolute measures, the change in craving positively correlated with the activation of the nucleus accumbens\/subcallosal cortex among the patients. These findings suggest that in treatment\u2010seeking heroin\u2010dependent individuals, greater cue\u2010induced craving and greater specific regional activations might be related to reward\/craving and memory retrieval processes. These responses may predict relapse and represent important targets for the development of new treatment for heroin addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T03:43:28Z","timestamp":1410493408000},"page":"968-978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Predicting subsequent relapse by drug\u2010related cue\u2010induced brain activation in heroin addiction: an event\u2010related functional magnetic resonance imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine  Gainesville FL 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