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Previous studies have shown that striatal dopamine transporter density is positively correlated with the cognitive performance of healthy volunteers. This study aimed to investigate changes in striatal dopamine transporter density and their functional significance in opioid\u2010dependent individuals. Single\u2010photon emission computed tomography with [<jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc]TRODAT\u20101 as a ligand was used to measure striatal dopamine transporter levels in 20 opioid\u2010dependent individuals and 20 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls. Opioid\u2010dependent individuals had no history of methamphetamine or methadone use. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was performed to assess neurocognitive function. We found that compared with healthy controls, opioid\u2010dependent individuals showed a significant reduction in striatal dopamine transporter density. They also showed poorer performance on the WCST in terms of the trials administered, total errors, perseverative responses, perseverative errors, and non\u2010perseverative errors. Striatal dopamine transporter levels negatively correlated with non\u2010perseverative errors not only in opioid\u2010dependent individuals but also in healthy controls. These findings suggest that in human, repeated opioid exposure reduces striatal dopamine transporter density, which can be associated with non\u2010perseverative errors. Non\u2010perseverative errors may be one of the more sensitive parameters in WCST to identify working memory deficits associated with striatal dopamine transporter reduction. Moreover, we suggest that whether opioid\u2010associated neurotoxicity is reversible depends on the brain region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1417424523000},"page":"196-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density associated with working memory deficits in opioid\u2010dependent male subjects: a SPECT study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chih\u2010Sung","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences National Defense Medical Center  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch Tri\u2010Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center  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