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This so\u2010called alcohol approach bias has been associated with increased brain activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ognitive bias modification (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBM<\/jats:styled-content>) has been used to retrain the approach bias with the clinically relevant effect of decreasing relapse rates one year later. The effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBM<\/jats:styled-content> on neural signatures of approach\/avoidance tendencies remain hitherto unknown. In a double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled design, 26 alcohol\u2010dependent in\u2010patients were assigned to a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBM<\/jats:styled-content> or a placebo training group. Both groups performed the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content> for three weeks: in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBM<\/jats:styled-content> training, patients pushed away 90 percent of alcohol cues; this rate was 50 percent in placebo training. Before and after training, patients performed the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content> offline, and in a 3\u2009T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The relevant neuroimaging contrast for the alcohol approach bias was the difference between approaching versus avoiding alcohol cues relative to soft drink cues: [(alcohol pull\u2009&gt;\u2009alcohol push)\u2009\u2009&gt;\u2009(soft drink pull\u2009&gt;\u2009soft drink push)]. Before training, both groups showed significant alcohol approach bias\u2010related activation in the medial prefrontal cortex. After training, patients in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBM<\/jats:styled-content> group showed stronger reductions in medial prefrontal cortex activation compared with the placebo group. Moreover, these reductions correlated with reductions in approach bias scores in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBM<\/jats:styled-content> group only. This suggests that CBM affects neural mechanisms involved in the automatic alcohol approach bias, which may be important for the clinical effectiveness of CBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T19:58:45Z","timestamp":1421179125000},"page":"990-999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Effects of cognitive bias modification training on neural signatures of alcohol approach tendencies in male alcohol\u2010dependent patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Corinde E.","family":"Wiers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charit\u00e9\u2010Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Germany"},{"name":"Berlin School of Mind and Brain Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera 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