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Positron emission tomography studies have found significant reductions in striatal dopamine D2 receptors, and blunted amphetamine\u2010induced dopamine release, in substance users compared with healthy controls. Extant literature is limited and inconsistent concerning vulnerability associated with having a family history of substance abuse (FH+). Some studies have reported familial liability associated with higher dopamine receptor levels, reduced dopamine response to stimulant challenges and decreased response to oral alcohol. However, other reports have failed to find group differences based on family history. We explored the interaction of familial liability and behavioral risk with multi\u2010modal molecular and neural imaging of the dopaminergic system. Forty\u2010four young adult male subjects performed monetary incentive delay tasks during both [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]raclopride positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. FH+ subjects were identified as low (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924) or high risk (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099) based on early initiation of drunkenness. FH+ high\u2010risk subjects exhibited heightened striatal dopamine response to monetary reward but did not differ in neural activations compared with FH+ low risk subjects and controls with no familial loading (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911). Across all subjects, a negative relationship was found between dopamine release and age of first drunkenness and a positive relationship with neural response to reward receipt. These results suggest that in at\u2010risk individuals, higher dopamine transmission associated with monetary reward may represent a particularly useful neurobiological phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T01:17:04Z","timestamp":1452043024000},"page":"502-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Striatal dopaminergic reward response relates to age of first drunkenness and feedback response in at\u2010risk youth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Weiland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado  Boulder CO, USA"},{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Zucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI, 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