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It is often consumed as a substitute for heroin, but imposing itself unknown harms and addictive burdens. Mitragynine is the major psychostimulant constituent of kratom that has recently been reported to induce morphine\u2010like behavioural and cognitive effects in rodents. The effects of chronic consumption on non\u2010drug related behaviours are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic mitragynine treatment on spontaneous activity, reward\u2010related behaviour and cognition in mice in an IntelliCage\u00ae system, and compared them with those of morphine and \u0394\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We found that chronic mitragynine treatment significantly potentiated horizontal exploratory activity. It enhanced spontaneous sucrose preference and also its persistence when the preference had aversive consequences. Furthermore, mitragynine impaired place learning and its reversal. Thereby, mitragynine effects closely resembled that of morphine and THC sensitisation. These findings suggest that chronic mitragynine exposure enhances spontaneous locomotor activity and the preference for natural rewards, but impairs learning and memory. These findings confirm pleiotropic effects of mitragynine (kratom) on human lifestyle, but may also support the recognition of the drug's harm potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T03:10:58Z","timestamp":1458357058000},"page":"967-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Chronic mitragynine (kratom) enhances punishment resistance in natural reward seeking and impairs place learning in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nurul Iman W.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia  Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Services and Research Universiti Sains Malaysia  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