{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T17:43:03Z","timestamp":1770572583185,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81271549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81271549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81470816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81470816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61431013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61431013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61131003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61131003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81201081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81201081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31400973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31400973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81571751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81571751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81571753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81571753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resting\u2010state magnetic resonance imaging has uncovered abnormal functional connectivity in heroin\u2010dependent individuals (HDIs). However, it remains unclear how brain regions implicated in addictions are related in baseline state without conditioned cues in heroin dependent individuals during opioid maintenance treatment (HDIs\u2010OMT). Previous connectivity analysis assessed the strength of correlated activity between brain regions but lacked the ability to infer directional neural interactions. In the current study, we employed Granger causality analysis to investigate directional causal influences among the brain circuits in HDIs\u2010OMT and non\u2010opioid users. The results revealed a weaker effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus implicated in mediating the reward circuit and other brain regions and also a weaker connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex implicated in mediating inhibitory control. Conversely, HDIs\u2010OMT exhibited stronger effective connectivity between the hippocampus and amygdala implicated in mediating learning\u2010memory, and the anterior cingulate cortex involved in mediating inhibitory control while the putamen mediated learned habits, suggesting that the hippocampus and amygdala may propel the memory circuit to override the control circuit and drive the learned habit in HDIs\u2010OMT. Alterations in learning\u2010memory and inhibitory control may contribute jointly and form a basis for relapse risk even after a period of heroin abstinence. Sustained neural effect of opioid dependence on methadone maintenance including hyperactivation in the memory circuit and impairment in the control circuit support the role of the memory circuitry in relapse and may help redefine targets for treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]],"date-time":"2016-03-18T11:53:04Z","timestamp":1458301984000},"page":"1068-1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Granger causality reveals a dominant role of memory circuit in chronic opioid dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Renmin University of China Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi Edi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"},{"name":"Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jizheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Northwest A&amp;F University Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gene\u2010Jack","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2005.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000194141.56429.3c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2699-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5580-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80374-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1776-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308538101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527609970.ch17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.11.1789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.4.334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06683.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600244103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.03.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","article-title":"Assessing cue\u2010induced brain response as a function of abstinence duration in heroin\u2010dependent individuals: an event\u2010related fMRI study","volume":"8","author":"Li Q","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-009-0350-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","article-title":"Interaction between dysfunctional connectivity at rest and heroin cues\u2010induced brain responses in male abstinent heroin\u2010dependent individuals","volume":"6","author":"Liu J","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2009_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10071024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11102466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800005105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0823-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890110303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35115-8","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors","volume":"291","author":"Volkow ND","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010654108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1544-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","article-title":"Altered fronto\u2010striatal and fronto\u2010cerebellar circuits in heroin\u2010dependent individuals: a resting\u2010state FMRI study","volume":"8","author":"Wang Y","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4939-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2817-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1996.9179212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.05.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.05.008"}],"container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadb.12390","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadb.12390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/adb.12390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T20:54:07Z","timestamp":1748811247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/adb.12390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/adb.12390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12390","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6215","1369-1600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6215","type":"print"},{"value":"1369-1600","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-02-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-03-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}