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In the SUD field, the perception of certain subjective effects are actively sought, while all other manifestations might operationally be considered side effects. This article was aimed at reviewing sex differences in side effects induced by alcohol, nicotine, heroin, marijuana and cocaine and by medications approved for alcohol, nicotine and heroin use disorders. A large body of evidence suggests that women are at higher risk of alcohol\u2010induced injury, liver disease, cardiomyopathy, myopathy, brain damages and mortality. The risk of tobacco\u2010induced coronary heart disease, lung disease and health problems is higher for women than for men. Women also experience greater exposure to side effects induced by heroin, marijuana and cocaine. In addition, women appear to be more vulnerable to the side effects induced by medications used to treat SUDs. Patients with SUDs should be advised that the risk of developing health problems may be higher for women than for men after consumption of the same amount of substances of abuse. Doses of medications for SUD women should be adjusted at least according to body weight. The sex differences observed also indicate an urgent need to recruit adequate numbers of female subjects in pre\u2010clinical and clinical studies to improve our knowledge about SUDs in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T12:33:11Z","timestamp":1458649991000},"page":"1030-1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Sex differences in substance use disorders: focus on side effects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Agabio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari  Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Campesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Gender Medicine of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems  Osilo, Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Pisanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari  Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Gessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari  Cagliari Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari National Research Council of Italy  Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Franconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Gender Medicine of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems  Osilo, Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Assessorato alle Politiche per la Persona  Regione Basilicata Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000433579"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.19284"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02231.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"CD010078","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Coleman T","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg083"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0211"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3661-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9222-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.22.2437"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"CD006219","article-title":"Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation","volume":"1","author":"Farley AC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","unstructured":"FDA(2015)FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA updates label for stop smoking drug Chantix (varenicline) to include potential alcohol interaction rare risk of seizures and studies of side effects on mood behavior or thinking. 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