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Assessing both structural and functional brain alterations by using multi\u2010modal, rather than purely unimodal imaging techniques, may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying addiction, which in turn may facilitate future treatment strategies. However, this type of research remains scarce in the literature. We acquired multi\u2010modal magnetic resonance imaging from 20 cocaine\u2010addicted individuals and 19 age\u2010matched controls. Compared with controls, cocaine addicts showed a multi\u2010modal hypo\u2010status with (1) decreased brain tissue volume in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC); (2) hypo\u2010perfusion in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, right temporal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and (3) reduced irregularity of resting state activity in the OFC and limbic areas, as well as the cingulate, visual and parietal cortices. In the cocaine\u2010addicted brain, larger tissue volume in the medial OFC, anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum and smaller insular tissue volume were associated with higher cocaine dependence levels. Decreased perfusion in the amygdala and insula was also correlated with higher cocaine dependence levels. Tissue volume, perfusion, and brain entropy in the insula and prefrontal cortex, all showed a trend of negative correlation with drug craving scores. The three modalities showed voxel\u2010wise correlation in various brain regions, and combining them improved patient versus control brain classification accuracy. These results, for the first time, demonstrate a comprehensive cocaine\u2010dependence and craving\u2010related hypo\u2010status regarding the tissue volume, perfusion and resting brain irregularity in the cocaine\u2010addicted brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T05:42:50Z","timestamp":1474522970000},"page":"1622-1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A hypo\u2010status in drug\u2010dependent brain revealed by multi\u2010modal MRI"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ze","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institutes of Psychological Science Hangzhou Normal University  China"},{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University  China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments  China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"VISN\u20104 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center VA Medical Center  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingna","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Zhejiang University  China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Darnley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, 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