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Magnetic resonance\u2010based arterial spin labeling has been used to measure noninvasively cerebral blood flow (i.e. perfusion) in alcohol, tobacco and stimulant dependence; only one arterial spin labeling paper in opiate\u2010dependent individuals demonstrated frontal and parietal perfusion deficits. Additional research on regional brain perfusion in opiate dependence and its relationship to cognition and self\u2010regulation (impulsivity, risk taking and decision making) may inform treatment approaches for opiate\u2010dependent individuals. Continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging at 4\u00a0T and neuropsychological measures assessed absolute brain perfusion levels, cognition and self\u2010regulation in 18 cigarette smoking opiate\u2010dependent individuals (sODI) stable on buprenorphine maintenance therapy. The sODI were compared with 20 abstinent smoking alcohol\u2010dependent individuals (a substance\u2010dependent control group), 35 smoking controls and 29 nonsmoking controls. sODI had lower perfusion in several cortical and subcortical regions including regions within the brain reward\/executive oversight system compared with smoking alcohol\u2010dependent individuals and nonsmoking controls. Perfusion was increased in anterior cingulate cortex and globus pallidus of sODI. Compared with all other groups, sODI had greater age\u2010related declines in perfusion in most brain reward\/executive oversight system and some other regions. In sODI, lower regional perfusion related to greater substance use, higher impulsivity and weaker visuospatial skills. Overall, sODI showed cortical and subcortical hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion. Relating to neuropsychological performance and substance use quantities, the frontal perfusion alterations are clinically relevant and constitute potential targets for pharmacological and cognitive\u2010based therapeutic interventions to improve treatment outcome in opiate dependence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T09:46:55Z","timestamp":1497865615000},"page":"781-795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Regional cerebral blood flow in opiate dependence relates to substance use and neuropsychological performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna E.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND) San Francisco VA Medical Center  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"},{"name":"VA Palo Alto Health Care System Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Centers, Sierra\u2010Pacific War Related Illness and Injury Study Center  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND) San Francisco VA Medical Center  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy A.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND) San Francisco VA Medical Center  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center Karolinska Institute  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Guydish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philip R. 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