{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:44:09Z","timestamp":1788518649453,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, SA"},{"name":"Aspen Pharmacare, SA"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation, SA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid addiction is a serious public health concern with severe health and social implications; therefore, extensive therapeutic efforts are required to keep users drug free. The two main pharmacological interventions, in the treatment of addiction, involve management with methadone an mu (\u03bc)\u2010opioid agonist and treatment with naltrexone, \u03bc\u2010opioid, kappa (\u03ba)\u2010opioid and delta (\u03b4)\u2010opioid antagonist. MET and NAL are believed to help individuals to derive maximum benefit from treatment and undergo a full recovery. The aim of this study was to determine the localization and distribution of MET and NAL, over a 24\u2010hour period in rodent brain, in order to investigate the differences in their respective regional brain distributions. This would provide a better understanding of the role of each individual drug in the treatment of addiction, especially NAL, whose efficacy is controversial. Tissue distribution was determined by using mass spectrometric imaging (MSI), in combination with quantification via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. MSI image analysis showed that MET was highly localized in the striatal and hippocampal regions, including the nucleus caudate, putamen and the upper cortex. NAL was distributed with high intensities in the mesocorticolimbic system including areas of the cortex, caudate putamen and ventral pallidum regions. Our results demonstrate that MET and NAL are highly localized in the brain regions with a high density of \u03bc\u2010receptors, the primary sites of heroin binding. These areas are strongly implicated in the development of addiction and are the major pathways that mediate brain stimulation during reward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T07:42:38Z","timestamp":1518594158000},"page":"438-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Time\u2010dependent regional brain distribution of methadone and naltrexone in the treatment of opioid addiction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Belin G.","family":"Teklezgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annapurna","family":"Pamreddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooraj","family":"Baijnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0606-2053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik G.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmala D.","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thavendran","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003409.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000139030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J126v01n03_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-015-9673-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6784-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24578-5","article-title":"Opposite effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats","volume":"244","author":"Di Chiara G","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090080008002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00052.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/147683008X301577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.4\/hkleber"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39007-X","article-title":"Opioid receptor imaging with positron emission tomography and [18F] cyclofoxy in long\u2010term, methadone\u2010treated former heroin addicts","volume":"295","author":"Kling MA","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KostenTR GeorgeTP(2002)The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment. 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