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We aimed to delineate the contributing role of cannabis use and dependence on morphology of the hippocampus, one of the most consistently altered brain regions in cannabis users, in a large multi\u2010site dataset aggregated across four research sites. We compared hippocampal volume and vertex\u2010level hippocampal shape differences (1) between 121 non\u2010using controls and 140 cannabis users; (2) between 106 controls, 50 non\u2010dependent users and 70 dependent users; and (3) between a subset of 41 controls, 41 non\u2010dependent users and 41 dependent users, matched on sample characteristics and cannabis use pattern (onset age and dosage). Cannabis users did not differ from controls in hippocampal volume or shape. However, cannabis\u2010dependent users had significantly smaller right and left hippocampi relative to controls and non\u2010dependent users, irrespective of cannabis dosage. Shape analysis indicated localized deflations in the superior\u2010medial body of the hippocampus. Our findings support neuroscientific theories postulating dependence\u2010specific neuroadaptations in cannabis users. Future efforts should uncover the neurobiological risk and liabilities separating dependent and non\u2010dependent use of cannabis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T04:55:15Z","timestamp":1531976115000},"page":"822-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Alteration to hippocampal volume and shape confined to cannabis dependence: a multi\u2010site study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Chye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences Monash University  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