{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:12:24Z","timestamp":1781831544767,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA015462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA015462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dopamine D1 receptors (encoded by <jats:italic>DRD1<\/jats:italic>) are implicated in drug addiction and high\u2010risk behaviors. Delay discounting (DD) procedures measure decisional balance between choosing smaller\/sooner rewards vs larger\/later rewards. Individuals with higher DD (rapid discounting) are prone to maladaptive behaviors that provide immediate reinforcement (eg, substance use). <jats:italic>DRD1<\/jats:italic> variants have been linked with increased DD (in healthy volunteers) and opioid abuse. This study determined whether four dopaminergic functional variants modulated heroin DD and impulsivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substance use, DD, and genotype data (<jats:italic>DRD1<\/jats:italic> rs686 and rs5326, <jats:italic>DRD3<\/jats:italic> rs6280, <jats:italic>COMT<\/jats:italic> rs4680) were obtained from 106 current heroin users. Subjects completed an array of DD choices during two imagined conditions: heroin satiation and withdrawal. Rewards were expressed as $10 heroin bag units, with maximum delayed amount of 30 bags. Delays progressively increased from 3 to 96\u00a0hours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>DRD1<\/jats:italic> rs686 (A\/A, n\u00a0=\u00a025; G\/A, n\u00a0=\u00a056; G\/G, n\u00a0=\u00a025) was linearly related to the difference in heroin DD (area under the curve; AUC) between the heroin satiation and withdrawal conditions; specifically, G\/G homozygotes had a significantly smaller (satiation <jats:italic>minus<\/jats:italic> withdrawal) AUC difference score had higher drug\u2010use impulsivity questionnaire scores, relative to A\/A homozygotes, with G\/A intermediate. <jats:italic>DRD3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>COMT<\/jats:italic> variants were not associated with these DD and impulsivity outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>DRD1<\/jats:italic> rs686 modulated the difference in heroin DD score between pharmacological states and was associated with drug\u2010use impulsivity. These data support a role of <jats:italic>DRD1<\/jats:italic> in opioid DD and impulsive behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T10:48:37Z","timestamp":1560422917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Heroin delay discounting and impulsivity: Modulation by <i>DRD1<\/i> genetic variation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tabitha E.H.","family":"Moses","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Wayne State University  Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"Burmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor 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