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Moreover, most studies have not compared brain morphology across those dependent on different substances of abuse to identify substance\u2010specific and substance\u2010general dependence effects. By pooling large multinational datasets from 33 imaging sites, this study examined subcortical surface morphology in 1628 nondependent controls and 2277 individuals with dependence on alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and\/or cannabis. Subcortical structures were defined by FreeSurfer segmentation and converted to a mesh surface to extract two vertex\u2010level metrics\u2014the radial distance (RD) of the structure surface from a medial curve and the log of the Jacobian determinant (JD)\u2014that, respectively, describe local thickness and surface area dilation\/contraction. Mega\u2010analyses were performed on measures of RD and JD to test for the main effect of substance dependence, controlling for age, sex, intracranial volume, and imaging site. Widespread differences between dependent users and nondependent controls were found across subcortical structures, driven primarily by users dependent on alcohol. Alcohol dependence was associated with localized lower RD and JD across most structures, with the strongest effects in the hippocampus, thalamus, putamen, and amygdala. Meanwhile, nicotine use was associated with greater RD and JD relative to nonsmokers in multiple regions, with the strongest effects in the bilateral hippocampus and right nucleus accumbens. By demonstrating subcortical morphological differences unique to alcohol and nicotine use, rather than dependence across all substances, results suggest substance\u2010specific relationships with subcortical brain structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T10:27:13Z","timestamp":1574245633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Subcortical surface morphometry in substance dependence: An ENIGMA addiction working group study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Chye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry University of Vermont  Burlington VT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris A.","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.K.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5010-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Batalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Institute of Neuroscience University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Blaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Yale University School of Medicine  CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, School of Psychology Liverpool John Moores University  L3 3AF Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Functional Pharmacology Uppsala University  75240 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth C.","family":"Caparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute of Drug Abuse  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Cousijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology University of Amsterdam  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Dagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Foxe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience &amp; The Ernest J. 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