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Preclinical studies have shown that beta\u2010blockers may reduce stress\u2010induced relapse; however, the effect of beta blockers on the escalation and maintenance of drug intake has not been tested. To address this issue, we chronically administered the \u03b2\u2010adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol during the escalation or maintenance of cocaine intake in a model of extended access (6\u00a0h) to cocaine self\u2010administration (0.5\u00a0mg\/kg). The behavioural specificity of propranolol was tested using a non\u2010drug reward (saccharin). Daily administration of propranolol (15\u2009mg\/kg) prevented the development of escalation of cocaine self\u2010administration and partially reversed self\u2010administration after the establishment of escalation of intake. Moreover, propranolol dose\u2010dependently decreased the motivation for cocaine tested under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement during the development of escalation and after maintenance. Finally, propranolol administration had no effect on the escalation and maintenance of saccharin self\u2010administration. These results demonstrate that chronic treatment with propranolol provides therapeutic efficacy in reducing cocaine self\u2010administration during the development and after the establishment of escalation of cocaine self\u2010administration in an animal model relevant to cocaine use disorder. These results suggest that beta blockers should be further investigated as a target for medication development for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T18:44:11Z","timestamp":1692470651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chronic administration of a norepinephrine antagonist prevents and partially reverses escalation of cocaine self\u2010administration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hassiba","family":"Beldjoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1414-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Avelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"de Guglielmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsida","family":"Kallupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharona","family":"Sedighim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Boomhower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Rizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry UC San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieselot L. 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