{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:40:13Z","timestamp":1791855613661,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Substance use disorders (SUDs) are phenotypically and genetically correlated with each other and with other psychological traits characterized by behavioural under\u2010control, termed externalizing phenotypes. In this study, we used genomic structural equation modelling to explore the shared genetic architecture among six externalizing phenotypes and four SUDs used in two previous multivariate genome\u2010wide association studies of an externalizing and an addiction risk factor, respectively. We first evaluated five confirmatory factor analytic models, including a common factor model, alternative parameterizations of two\u2010factor structures and a bifactor model. We next explored the genetic correlations between factors identified in these models and other relevant psychological traits. Finally, we quantified the degree of polygenic overlap between externalizing and addiction risk using MiXeR. We found that the common and two\u2010factor structures provided the best fit to the data, evidenced by high factor loadings, good factor reliability and no evidence of concerning model characteristics. The two\u2010factor models yielded high genetic correlations between factors (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    s\u00a0\u2265\u20090.87), and between the effect sizes of genetic correlations with external traits (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0\u2265\u20090.95). Nevertheless, 21 of the 84 correlations with external criteria showed small, significant differences between externalizing and addiction risk factors. MiXer results showed that approximately 81% of influential externalizing variants were shared with addiction risk, whereas addiction risk shared 56% of its influential variants with externalizing. These results suggest that externalizing and addiction genetic risk are largely shared, though both constructs also retain meaningful unshared genetic variance. These results can inform future efforts to identify specific genetic influences on externalizing and SUDs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T03:10:37Z","timestamp":1692760237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A multivariate approach to understanding the genetic overlap between externalizing phenotypes and substance use disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-6070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly E.","family":"Poore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers University  Piscataway New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hatoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis T.","family":"Mallard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sanchez\u2010Roige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Division of Genetic Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwin D.","family":"Waldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham A.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Genomic Medicine University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Paige","family":"Harden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Population Research Center University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Sciences SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University  Brooklyn New York USA"},{"name":"VA New York Harbor Healthcare System  Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers University  Piscataway New Jersey 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