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Previous studies focused on refining the self\u2010administration (SA) model to better emulate an addictive state in laboratory animals. Here, we employed concurrent SA of sucrose pellets and morphine as two competing natural and drug rewards, respectively, to validate the feasibility of capturing pathological behavioural allocation in rats. A custom\u2010made three\u2010lever operant chamber was used. With one active and one inactive lever presented, rats were trained to self\u2010administer morphine (0.5\u00a0mg\/kg\/infusion; 2\u00a0h\/day) under a fixed\u2010ratio 1 (FR\u20101) schedule until a stable response was achieved. Next, they were trained to self\u2010administer morphine in the presence of a third lever dispensing sucrose pellets (20\u2009mg) under FR\u20101. Concurrent morphine\u2010sucrose SA sessions (2\u00a0h\/day) were continued until stable morphine taking behaviour was re\u2010established. In another experiment, rats first established stable sucrose pellet SA (2\u00a0h\/day, FR\u20101) and then were trained to take morphine (0.5\u00a0mg\/kg\/infusion; 2\u00a0h\/day). Subsequently, all rats underwent extinction training, in which morphine was replaced with saline while sucrose pellets were still available upon lever pressing, followed by cue\u2010induced reinstatement of morphine seeking behaviour. Results showed that rats retained morphine SA when sucrose pellets were also available, but they showed binge\u2010like sucrose intake when morphine was removed during the extinction sessions. However, morphine SA did not develop in rats that had previously established sucrose pellet SA. In conclusion, morphine SA developed even in the presence of a potent competing nondrug reward in rats. Adding an effort\u2010based contingent delivery of a natural reward to the standard SA model, this protocol may provide an improved model of drug addiction in laboratory animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T02:15:56Z","timestamp":1728440156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of drug\u2010nondrug choice procedure to model maladaptive behavioural allocation to opioid use in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Setareh","family":"Azizzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Rahimpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Rakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahador","family":"Makkiabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0994-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmail","family":"Riahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604113341507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105504900750047355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.2007.02011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7895\/ijadr.v4i1.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283644d15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/rspanagel"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20100716\u20101748\u20109_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/281768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010020\u201005471\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2018.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091\u20103057(77)90012\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369\u20101600.2011.00368.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010021\u201005987\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"FulcoC.ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Nicotine and amphetamine decrease sucrose self\u2010administration. 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